Remotely programmable matrices with memories

ABSTRACT

Combinations, called matrices with memories, of matrix materials with remotely addressable or remotely programmable recording devices that contain at least one data storage unit are provided. The matrix materials are those that are used in as supports in solid phase chemical and biochemical syntheses, immunoassays and hybridization reactions. The data storage units are non-volatile antifuse memories or volatile memories, such as EEPROMS, DRAMS or flash memory. By virtue of this combination, molecules and biological particles, such as phage and viral particles and cells, that are in proximity or in physical contact with the matrix combination can be labeled by programming the memory with identifying information and can be identified by retrieving the stored information. Combinations of matrix materials, memories, and linked molecules and biological materials are also provided. The combinations have a multiplicity of applications, including combinatorial chemistry, isolation and purification of target macromolecules, capture and detection of macromolecules for analytical purposes, selective removal of contaminants, enzymatic catalysis, cell sorting, drug delivery, chemical modification and other uses. Methods for electronically tagging molecules, biological particles and matrix support materials, immunoassays, receptor binding assays, and other methods are also provided.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

This application is a continuation on U.S. application Ser. No. 08/538,387, filed Oct. 3, 1995, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,874,214, which is a continuation-in-part of each of application Ser. Nos. 08/480,147, 08/484,486, 08/484,504, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,751,629, Ser. No. 08/480,196, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,562, and Ser. No. 08/473,660, each filed Jun. 7, 1995, which are continuations-in-part of U.S. application Ser. No. 08/428,662, filed Apr. 25, 1995, now issued as U.S. Pat. No. 5,741,462. The subject matter of each cited application is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

The present invention relates to the application of data storage technology to molecular tracking and identification and to biological and biochemical assays.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

There has been a convergence of progress in chemistry and biology. Among the important advances resulting from this convergence is the development of methods for generating molecular diversity and for detecting and quantifying biological or chemical material. This advance has been facilitated by fundamental developments in chemistry, including the development of highly sensitive analytical methods, solid state chemical synthesis, and sensitive and specific biological assay systems.

Analyses of biological interactions and chemical reactions, however, require the use of labels or tags to track and identify the results of such analyses. Typically biological reactions, such as binding, catalytic, hybridization and signaling reactions, are monitored by labels, such as radioactive, fluorescent, photoabsorptive, luminescent and other such labels, or by direct or indirect enzyme labels. Chemical reactions are also monitored by direct or indirect means, such as by linking the reactions to a second reaction in which a colored, fluorescent, chemiluminescent or other such product results. These analytical methods, however, are often time consuming, tedious and, when practiced in vivo, invasive. In addition, each reaction is typically measured individually, in a separate assay. There is, thus, a need to develop alternative and convenient methods for tracking and identifying analytes in biological interactions and the reactants and products of chemical reactions.

Hybridization Reactions

For example, it is often desirable to detect or quantify very small concentrations of nucleic acids in biological samples. Typically, to perform such measurements, the nucleic acid in the sample [i.e., the target nucleic acid] is hybridized to a detection oligonucleotide. In order to obtain a detectable signal proportional to the concentration of the target nucleic acid, either the target nucleic acid in the sample or the detection oligonucleotide is associated with a signal generating reporter element, such as a radioactive atom, a chromogenic or fluorogenic molecule, or an enzyme [such as alkaline phosphatase] that catalyzes a reaction that produces a detectable product. Numerous methods are available for detecting and quantifying the signal.

Following hybridization of a detection oligonucleotide with a target, the resulting signal-generating hybrid molecules must be separated from unreacted target and detection oligonucleotides. In order to do so, many of the commonly used assays immobilize the target nucleic acids or detection oligonucleotides on solid supports. Presently available solid supports to which oligonucleotides are linked include nitrocellulose or nylon membranes, activated agarose supports, diazotized cellulose supports and non-porous polystyrene latex solid microspheres. Linkage to a solid support permits fractionation and subsequent identification of the hybridized nucleic acids, since the target nucleic acid may be directly captured by oligonucleotides immobilized on solid supports. More frequently, so-called “sandwich” hybridization systems are used. These systems employ a capture oligonucleotide covalently or otherwise attached to a solid support for capturing detection oligonucleotide-target nucleic acid adducts formed in solution [see, eg., EP 276,302 and Gingeras et al. (1989) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 86:1173]. Solid supports with linked oligonucleotides are also used in methods of affinity purification. Following hybridization or affinity purification, however, if identification of the linked molecule or biological material is required, the resulting complexes or hybrids or compounds must be subjected to analyses, such as sequencing.

Immunoassays

Immunoassays also detect or quantify very small concentrations of analytes in biological samples. Many immunoassays utilize solid supports in which antigen or antibody is covalently, non-covalently, or otherwise, such as via a linker, attached to a solid support matrix. The support-bound antigen or antibody is then used as an analyte in the assay. As with nucleic acid analysis, the resulting antibody-antigen complexes or other complexes, depending upon the format used, rely on radiolabels or enzyme labels to detect such complexes.

The use of antibodies to detect and/or quantitate reagents [“antigens”] in blood or other body fluids has been widely practiced for many years. Two methods have been most broadly adopted. The first such procedure is the competitive binding assay, in which conditions of limiting antibody are established such that only a fraction [usually 30-50%] of a labeled [e.g., radioisotope, fluorophore or enzyme] antigen can bind to the amount of antibody in the assay medium. Under those conditions, the addition of unlabeled antigen [e.g., in a serum sample to be tested] then competes with the labeled antigen for the limiting antibody binding sites and reduces the amount of labeled antigen that can bind. The degree to which the labeled antigen is able to bind is inversely proportional to the amount of unlabeled antigen present. By separating the antibody-bound from the unbound labeled antigen and then determining the amount of labeled reagent present, the amount of unlabeled antigen in the sample [e.g., serum] can be determined.

As an alternative to the competitive binding assay, in the labeled antibody, or “immunometric” assay [also known as “sandwich” assay], an antigen present in the assay fluid is specifically bound to a solid substrate and the amount of antigen bound is then detected by a labeled antibody [see, e.g., Miles et al. (1968) Nature 29:186-189; U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,867,517; 4,376,110]. Using monoclonal antibodies two-site immunometric assays are available [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,376,110]. The “sandwich” assay has been broadly adopted in clinical medicine. With increasing interest in “panels” of diagnostic tests, in which a number of different antigens in a fluid are measured, the need to carry out each immunoassay separately becomes a serious limitation of current quantitative assay technology.

Some semi-quantitative detection systems have been developed [see, e.g., Buechler et al. (1992) Clin. Chem. 38:1678-1684; and U.S. Pat. No. 5,089,391] for use with immunoassays, but no good technologies yet exist to carefully quantitate a large number of analytes simultaneously [see, eg., Ekins et al. (1990) J. Clin. Immunoassay 13:169-181] or to rapidly and conveniently track, identify and quantitate detected analytes.

Combinatorial Libraries

Drug discovery relies on the ability to identify compounds that interact with a selected target, such as cells, an antibody, receptor, enzyme, transcription factor or the like. Traditional drug discovery involves screening natural products form various sources, or random screening of archived synthetic material. The current trend, however, is to identify such molecules by rational design and/or by screening combinatorial libraries of molecules.

Combinatorial chemistry is a powerful tool in drug discovery and materials science. Methods and strategies for generating diverse libraries, primarily peptide- and nucleotide-based oligomer libraries, have been developed using molecular biology methods and/or simultaneous chemical synthesis methodologies [see, e.g., Dower et al. (1991) Annu. Rep. Med. Chem. 26:271-280; Fodor et al. (1991) Science 251:767-773; Jung et al. (1992) Angew. Chem. Ind. Ed. Engl. 31:367-383; Zuckerman et al. (1992) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 89:4505-4509; Scott et al. (1990) Science 249:386-390; Devlin et al. (1990) Science 249:404-406; Cwirla et al. (1990) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 87:6378-6382; and Gallop et al. (1994) J. Medicinal Chemistry 37:1233-1251]. The resulting combinatorial libraries potentially contain millions of pharmaceutically relevant compounds and can be rapidly screened to identify compounds that exhibit a selected activity.

The libraries fall into roughly three categories: fusion-protein-displayed peptide libraries in which random peptides or proteins are presented on the surface of phage particles or proteins expressed from plasmids; support-bound synthetic chemical libraries in which individual compounds or mixtures of compounds are presented on insoluble matrices, such as resin beads [see, eg., Lam et al. (1991) Nature 354:82-84] and cotton supports [see, e.g., Eichler et al. (1993) Biochemistry 32:11035-11041]; and methods in which the compounds are used in solution [see, eg., Houghten et al. (1991) Nature 354:84-86, Houghten et al. (1992) BioTechniques 313:412-421; and Scott et al. (1994) Curr. Opin. Biotechnol. 5:40-48]. There are numerous examples of synthetic peptide and oligonucleotide combinatorial libraries. The present direction in this area is to produce combinatorial libraries that contain non-peptidic small organic molecules. Such libraries are based on either a basis set of monomers that can be combined to form mixtures of diverse organic molecules or that can be combined to form a library based upon a selected pharmacophore monomer.

There are three critical aspects in any combinatorial library: (i) the chemical units of which the library is composed; (ii) generation and categorization of the library, and (iii) identification of library members that interact with the target of interest, and tracking intermediary synthesis products and the multitude of molecules in a single vessel.

The generation of such libraries often relies on the use of solid phase synthesis methods, as well as solution phase methods, to produce combinatorial libraries containing tens of millions of compounds that can be screened in diagnostically or pharmacologically relevant in vitro assay systems. In generating large numbers of diverse molecules by stepwise synthesis, the resulting library is a complex mixture in which a particular compound is present at very low concentrations, so that it is difficult or impossible to determine its chemical structure. Various methods exist for ordered synthesis by sequential addition of particular moieties, or by identifying molecules based on spacial positioning on a chip. These methods are cumbersome and ultimately impossible to apply to highly diverse and large libraries.

Thus, an essential element of the combinatorial discovery process, as well as other areas in which molecules are identified and tracked, is the ability to extract the information made available during synthesis of the library or identification of the active components of intermediary structures. While there are several techniques for identification of intermediary products and final products, nanosequencing protocols that provide exact structures are only applicable on mass to naturally occurring linear oligomers such as peptides and amino acids. Mass spectrographic [MS] analysis is sufficiently sensitive to determine the exact mass and fragmentation patterns of individual synthesis steps, but complex analytical mass spectrographic strategies are not readily automated nor conveniently performed. Also, mass spectrographic analysis provides at best simple connectivity information, but no stereoisomeric information, and generally cannot discriminate among isomeric monomers. Another problem with mass spectrographic analysis is that it requires pure compounds; structural determinations on complex mixtures is either difficult or impossible. Finally, mass spectrographic analysis is tedious and time consuming. Thus, although there are a multitude of solutions to the generation of libraries, there are no ideal solutions to the problems of identification, tracking and categorization.

Similar problems arise in any screening or analytical process in which large numbers of molecules or biological entities are screened. In any system, once a desired molecule(s) has been isolated, it must be identified. Simple means for identification do not exist. Because of the problems inherent in any labeling procedure, it would be desirable to have alternative means for tracking and quantitating chemical and biological reactions during synthesis and/or screening processes.

Therefore, it is an object herein to provide methods for identification, tracking and categorization of the components of complex mixtures of diverse molecules.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Combinations of matrix materials with programmable data storage or recording devices, herein referred to as memories and assays using these combinations are provided. By virtue of this combination, molecules, such as antigens, antibodies, ligands, proteins and nucleic acids, and biological particles, such as phage and viral particles and cells, that are in proximity to or in physical contact with the matrix combination can be electromagnetically tagged by programming the memory with data corresponding to identifying information. In addition, assays can be monitored, because occurrence of a reaction can be recorded in the memory, if desired, and/or continually monitored in real time. Also, an identification code for the particular memory/matrix combination can be permanently recorded, thereby providing a means to identify each such encoded combination. The molecules and biological particles that are in proximity to or in physical contact with the matrix combination can be identified and the results of the assays determined by retrieving the stored data points from the memories.

Combinations of matrix materials, memories, and linked or proximate molecules and biological materials and assays using such combinations are also provided. The combinations provided herein have a multiplicity of applications, including combinatorial chemistry, isolation and purification of target macromolecules, capture and detection of macromolecules for analytical purposes, high throughput screening, selective removal of contaminants, enzymatic catalysis, drug delivery, chemical modification, drug delivery, information collection and management and other uses. These combinations are particularly advantageous for use in multianalyte analyses and assays in which a electromagnetic signal is generated by the reactants or products in the assay.

The combinations are referred to herein as matrices with memories. These combinations contain (i) a miniature recording device that contains one or more programmable data storage devices [memories] that can be remotely read and in preferred embodiments also remotely programmed; and (ii) a matrix, such as a particulate support used in chemical syntheses. The remote programming and reading is preferably effected using electromagnetic radiation.

The matrix materials [matrices] are any materials that are routinely used in chemical and biochemical synthesis. The matrix materials are typically polymeric materials that are compatible with chemical and biological syntheses and assays, and include, glasses, silicates, celluloses, polystyrenes, polysaccharides, polypropylenes, sand, and synthetic resins and polymers, including acrylamides, particularly cross-linked polymers, cotton, and other such materials. The matrices may be in the form of particles or may be continuous in design, such as a test tube or microtiter plate or the like.

The recording device is a miniature device, typically less than 10-20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in its largest dimension] in size , preferably smaller, that includes at least one data storage unit that includes a remotely programmable and remotely readable, preferably non-volatile, memory. This device with remotely programmable memory is in proximity with or in contact with the matrix. In particular, the recording device includes a memory device, preferably having non-volatile memory means, for storing a plurality of data points and means for receiving a transmitted signal that is received by the device and for causing a data point corresponding to the data signal to be permanently stored within the memory means; and, if needed, a shell that is non-reactive with and impervious to any processing steps or solutions in which the combination of matrix with recording device is placed, and that is transmissive of read or write signals transmitted to the memory. The device may also include at least one support matrix disposed on an outer surface of the shell for retaining molecules or biological particles.

The recording device [containing the memory] is typically coated with at least one layer of material, such as a protective polymer or a glass, including polystyrene, heavy metal-free glass, plastic, ceramic, and may be coated with more than one layers of this and other materials. For example, it may be coated with a ceramic or glass, which is then coated with or linked to the matrix material. Alternatively, the glass or ceramic or other coating may serve as the matrix.

In other embodiments the recording device and the matrix material are in proximity, such as in a container of a size approximately that of the device and matrix material. In preferred embodiments in which the device is a semiconductor that is approximately 10 mm or less and the matrix material is a bead or the like, such as a polystyrene bead, the device and beads, about 1 mg to about 50 mg, are sealed in a chemically inert porous supports, such as polypropylene formed so that it has pores of a selected size.

The data storage device or memory is programmed with or encoded with information that identifies molecules or biological particles, either by their process of preparation, their identity, their batch number, category, physical or chemical properties, combinations of any of such information, or other such identifying information. The molecules or biological particles are in physical contact, direct or indirect, or in proximity with the matrix, which in turn is in physical contact or in the proximity of the recording device that contains the data storage memory. Typically, the matrix is on the surface of the recording device and the molecules and biological particles are in physical contact with the matrix material.

The data storage device or memory can also be programmed by virtue of a reaction in proximity to the matrix with memory. In particular, memories that also include a photodectector can detect the occurrence of fluorescence or other optical emission. Coupling this emission with an amplifier and providing a voltage to permit data storage in the matrix with memory during the reaction by way of, for example an RF signal transmitted to and received by an antenna/rectifier combination within the data storage device or providing voltage sufficient to write to memory from a battery [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,350,645 and 5,089,877], permits occurrence of the emission to be recorded in the memory.

The matrix combinations, thus, contain a matrix material, typically in particulate form, in physical contact with a tiny device containing one or more remotely programmable data storage units [memories]. Contact can be effected by placing the recording device with memory on or in the matrix material or in a solution that is in contact with the matrix material or by linking the device, either by direct or indirect covalent or non-covalent interactions, chemical linkages or by other interactions, to the matrix.

For example, such contact is effected chemically, by chemically coupling the device with data storage unit to the matrix, or physically by coating the recording device with the matrix material or another material, by physically inserting or encasing the device in the matrix material, by placing the device onto the matrix or by any other means by which the device can be placed in contact with or in proximity to the matrix material.

Thus, combinations of a miniature recording device that contains or is a data storage unit linked to or in proximity with matrices or supports used in chemical and biotechnical applications, such as combinatorial chemistry, peptide synthesis, nucleic acid synthesis, nucleic acid amplification methods, organic template chemistry, nucleic acid sequencing, screening for drugs, particularly high throughput screening, phage display screening, cell sorting, drug delivery, tracking of biological particles and other such methods, are provided. These combinations of matrix material with data storage unit [or recording device including the unit] are herein referred to as matrices with memories.

The matrices are either particulate of a size that is roughly about 10 to 20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in its largest dimension], preferably about 10 mm³ or smaller, preferably 1 mm³ or smaller, or a continuous medium, such as a microtiter plate, or other multi-well plate, or plastic or other solid polymeric vial or glass vial or catheter-tube [for drug delivery] or such container or device conventionally used in chemistry and biological syntheses and reactions. In instances in which the matrix is continuous, the data storage device [memory] may be placed in, on, or under the matrix medium or may be embedded in the material of the matrix.

More than one data storage device may be in proximity to or contact with a matrix particle, or more than one matrix particle may be in contact with on device. For example, microtiter plates with the recording device containing the data storage unit (remotely programmable memory) embedded in each well or vials (typically with a 1 ml or smaller capacity) with an embedded recording device, may be manufactured. In other embodiments, the memory device may be linked to or in proximity to more than one matrix particle. For example, a single device and a plurality of particles may be sealed in a porous or semi-permeable inert material such as Teflon® or polypropylene or membrane that is permeable to the components of the medium, or they may be contained in a small closable container that has at least one dimension that is a porous or semi-permeable tube. Typically such a microvessel, called a “micro-can”, which preferably has an end that can be opened and sealed or closed tightly, has a volume of about 200-500 mm³, with preferred dimensions of about 1-10 mm in diameter and 5 to 20 mm in height, more preferably about 5 mm by 15 mm. The porous wall should be non-collapsible with a pore size in the range of 70 μM to about 100 μM, but can be selected to be semi-permeable for selected components of the medium in which the microvessel “micro-can” is placed. The preferred geometry of these combinations is cylindrical. These porous micro-cans may be sealed by heat or may be designed to snap or otherwise close. In some embodiments they are designed to be reused. In other embodiments, the microvessel “micro-can” with closures may be made out of non-porous material, such as a tube of the shape of an Eppendorf™ tube, and used as container to hold the matrix particles and device.

The combination of matrix with memory is used by contacting it with, linking it to, or placing it in proximity with a molecule or biological particle, such as a virus or phage particle, a bacterium or a cell, to produce a second combination of a matrix with memory and a molecule or biological particle. In certain instances, such combinations of matrix with memory or combination of matrix with memory and molecule or biological particle may be prepared when used or may be prepared before use and packaged or stored as such for futures use.

Since matrix materials have many known uses in conjunction with molecules and biological particles, there are a multitude of methods known to artisans of skill in this art for linking, joining or physically contacting the molecule or biological particle with the matrix material. In some embodiments, the recording device with data storage unit is placed in a solution or suspension of the molecule or biological particle of interest. In such instances, the container, such as the microtiter plate or test tube or other vial, is the matrix material. The recording device is placed in or on the matrix or is embedded, encased or dipped in the matrix material or otherwise place in proximity by enclosing the device and matrix material in a sealed pouch or bag or container (herein referred to as a “microvessel” or a “micro-can”) fabricated from, preferably, porous material, such as Teflon® or polypropylene prepared with pores, that is inert to the reaction of interest and that have pores of size permeable to desired components of the reaction medium.

The miniature recording device containing the data storage unit(s) with remotely programmable memory, includes, in addition to the remotely programmable memory, means for receiving information for storage in the memory and for retrieving information stored in the memory. Such means is typically an antenna, which also serves to provide power in a passive device when combined with a rectifier circuit to convert received RF energy into voltage, that can be tuned to a desired electromagnetic frequency to program the memory. Power for operation of the recording device may also be provided by a battery attached directly to the recording device, to create an active device, or by other power sources, including light and chemical reactions, including biological reactions, that generate energy.

Preferred frequencies are any that do not substantially alter the molecular and biological interactions of interest, such as those that are not substantially absorbed by the molecules or biological particles linked to the matrix or in proximity of the matrix, and that do not alter the support properties of the matrix. Radio frequencies are presently preferred, but other frequencies or optical lasers will be used, as long as the selected frequency or optical laser does not interfere with the interactions of the molecules or biological particles of interest. Thus, information in the form of data points corresponding to such information is stored in and retrieved from the data storage device by application of a selected electromagnetic radiation frequency, which preferably is selected to avoid interference from any background electromagnetic radiation.

The preferred miniature recording device for use in the combinations herein is a single substrate of a size preferably less than about 10 to 20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in its largest dimension], that includes a remotely programmable data storage unit(s) [memory], preferably a non-volatile memory, and an antenna for receiving or transmitting an electromagnetic signal [and in some embodiments for supplying power in passive devices when combined with a rectifier circuit] preferably a radio frequency signal; the antenna, rectifier circuit, memory and other components are preferably integrated onto a single substrate, thereby minimizing the size of the device. An active device, i.e., one that does not rely on external sources for providing voltage for operation of the memory, may include a battery for power, with the battery attached to the substrate, preferably on the back surface of the substrate. Vias through the substrate can then provide conduction paths from the battery to the circuitry on the substrate. The device is rapidly or substantially instantaneously programmable, preferably in less than 5 seconds, more preferably in about 1 second, and more preferably in about 50 to 100 milliseconds or less, and most preferably in about 1 millisecond or less. In a passive device which relies upon external transmissions to generate sufficient voltage to operate, write to and read from an electronic recording device, the preferred memory is non-volatile, permanent, and relies on antifuse-based architecture or flash memory. Other memories, such as electrically programmable erasable read only memories [EEPROMs] based upon other architectures also can be used in passive devices. In active recording devices which have batteries to assure continuous power availability, a broader range of memory devices may be employed in addition to those identified above, including dynamic random access memories [DRAMS, which refer to semiconductor volatile memory devices that allow random input/output of stored information; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,453,633, 5,451,896, 5,442,584, 5,442,212 and 5,440,511], that permit higher density memories.

Containers, such as vials, tubes, microtiter plates, capsules and the like, which are in contact with a recording device that includes a data storage unit with programmable memory are also provided. The container is typically of a size used in immunoassays or hybridization reactions, generally a liter or less, typically less than 100 ml, and often less than about 10 ml in volume. Alternatively the container can be in the form of a plurality of wells, such as a microtiter plate, each well having about 1 to 1.5 ml or less in volume. The container is transmissive to the electromagnetic radiation, such as radio frequencies, infrared wavelengths, ultraviolet wavelengths, microwave frequencies, visible wavelengths, X-rays or laser light, used to program the recording device.

Methods for electromagnetically tagging molecules or biological particles are provided. Such tagging is effected by placing the molecules or biological particles of interest in proximity with the recording device or with the matrix with memory, and programming or encoding the identity of the molecule or synthetic history of the molecules or batch number or other identifying information into the memory. The, thus identified molecule or biological particle is then used in the reaction or assay of interest and tracked by virtue of its linkage to the matrix with memory or its proximity to the matrix with memory, which can be queried at will to identify the molecule or biological particle. The tagging and/or reaction or assay protocols may be automated.

In particular, methods for tagging constituent members of combinatorial libraries and other libraries or mixtures of diverse molecules and biological particles are provided. These methods involve electromagnetically tagging molecules, particularly constituent members of a library, by contacting the molecules or biological particles or bringing such molecules or particles into proximity with a matrix with memory and programming the memory with retrievable information from which the identity, synthesis history, batch number or other identifying information can be retrieved. The contact is preferably effected by coating, completely or in part, the recording device with memory with the matrix and then linking, directly or via linkers, the molecule or biological particle of interest to the matrix support. The memories can be coated with a protective coating, such as a glass or silicon, which can be readily derivatized for chemical linkage or coupling to the matrix material. In other embodiments, the memories can be coated with matrix, such as for example dipping the memory into the polymer prior to polymerization, and allowing the polymer to polymerize on the surface of the memory.

If the matrices are used for the synthesis of the constituent molecules, the memory of each particle is addressed and the identity of the added component is encoded in the memory at [before, during, or preferably after] each step in the synthesis. At the end of the synthesis, the memory contains a retrievable record of all of the constituents of the resulting molecule, which can then be used, either linked to the support, or following cleavage from the support in an assay or for screening or other such application. If the molecule is cleaved from the support with memory, the memory must remain in proximity to the molecule or must in some manner be traceable to the molecule. Such synthetic steps may be automated.

In preferred embodiments, the matrix with memory with linked molecules [or biological particles] are mixed and reacted with a sample according to a screening or assay protocol, and those that react are isolated. The identity of reacted molecules can then be ascertained by remotely retrieving the information stored in the memory and decoding it to identify the linked molecules.

Compositions containing combinations of matrices with memories and compositions of matrices with memories and molecules or biological particles are also provided. In particular, coded or electronically tagged libraries of oligonucleotides, peptides, proteins, non-peptide organic molecules, phage display, viruses and cells are provided. Particulate matrices, such as polystyrene beads, with attached memories, and continuous matrices, such as microtiter plates or slabs or polymer, with a plurality of embedded or attached memories are provided.

These combinations of matrix materials with memories and combinations of matrices with memories and molecules or biological particles may be used in any application in which support-bound molecules or biological particles are used. Such applications include, but are not limited to diagnostics, such as immunoassays, drug screening assays, combinatorial chemistry protocols and other such uses. These matrices with memories can be used to tag cells for uses in cell sorting, to identify molecules in combinatorial syntheses, to label monoclonal antibodies, to tag constituent members of phage displays, affinity separation procedures, to label DNA and RNA, in nucleic acid amplification reactions [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,484; 5,386,024; 4,683,202 and, for example International PCT Application WO/94 02634, which describes the use of solid supports in connection with nucleic acid amplification methods], to label known compounds, particularly mixtures of known compounds in multianalyte analyses], to thereby identify unknown compounds, or to label or track unknowns and thereby identify the unknown by virtue of reaction with a known. Thus, the matrices with memories are particularly suited for high throughput screening applications and for multianalyte analyses.

Systems and methods for recording and reading or retrieving the information in the data storage devices regarding the identity or synthesis of the molecules or biological particles are also provided. The systems for recording and reading data include: a host computer or other encoder/decoder instrument having a memory for storing data relating to the identity or synthesis of the molecules, and a transmitter means for receiving a data signal and generating a signal for transmitting a data signal; and a recording device that includes a remotely programmable, preferably non-volatile, memory and transmitter means for receiving a data signal and generating at least a transmitted signal and for providing a write signal to the memory in the recording device.

In particular, the systems include means for writing to and reading from the memory device to store and identify each of the indicators that identify or track the molecules and biological particles. The systems additionally include the matrix material in physical contact with or proximate to the recording device, and may also include a device for separating matrix particles with memory so that each particle or memory can be separately programmed.

Methods for tagging molecules and biological particles by contacting, either directly or indirectly, a molecule or biological particle with a recording device; transmitting from a host computer or decoder/encoder instrument to the device electromagnetic radiation representative of a data signal corresponding to an indicator that either specifies one of a series of synthetic steps or the identity or other information for identification of the molecule or biological particle, whereby the data point representing the indicator is written into the memory, are provided.

Methods for reading identifying information from recording devices linked to or in contact with or in proximity to a electromagnetically tagged molecule or electromagnetically tagged biological particles are provided. These methods include the step of exposing the recording device containing the memory in which the data is stored to electromagnetic radiation [EM]; and transmitting to a host computer or decoder/encoder instrument an indicator representative of a the identity of a molecule or biological particle or identification of the molecule or biological particle linked to or in proximity to the recording device.

One, two, three and N-dimensional arrays of the matrices with memories are also provided. Each memory is programmed with its position in the array. Such arrays may be used for blotting, if each matrix particle is coated on one at least one side with a suitable material, such as nitrocellulose. For blotting, each memory is coated on at least one side with the matrix material and arranged contiguously to adjacent memories to form a substantially continuous sheet. After blotting, the matrix particles may be separated and reacted with the analyte of interest [e.g., a labeled antibody or oligonucleotide or other ligand], after which the physical position of the matrices to which analyte binds may be determined. The amount of bound analyte, as well as the kinetics of the binding reaction, may also be quantified. Southern, Northern, Western, dot blot and other such assays using such arrays are provided. Dimensions beyond can refer to additional unique identifying parameters, such as batch number, and simultaneous analysis of multiple blots.

Immunoassays, such as enzyme linked immunosorbent assays [ELISAs] in which at least one analyte is linked to a solid support matrix that is combined with a recording device containing a data storage unit with a programmable, preferably remotely programmable and non-volatile, memory are provided.

Molecular libraries, such as phage display libraries, DNA libraries, in which the constituent molecules are combined with a solid support matrix that is combined with a data storage unit with a programmable memory are provided.

Affinity purification protocols in which the affinity resin is combined with a recording device containing a data storage unit with a programmable memory are also provided.

DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

FIG. 1 depicts combinatorial synthesis of chemical libraries on matrix supports with memories. A, B, C . . . represent the chemical building blocks; a, b, c . . . represent the codes stored in memory that correspond to each of A, B, C, . . . , respectively. S_(a), S_(b), S_(c) . . . represent respective signals sent to memory.

FIG. 2 depicts combinatorial synthesis of peptides on a matrix with memory. Each amino acid has a corresponding code, a, b, c . . . , in the matrix memory, and L represents a Linker between the memory device and the pharmacophore.

FIG. 3 depicts combinatorial synthesis of oligonucleotides on matrix supports with memories. A, G, T and C represent nucleotides, and a, g, t, and c represent the electronic codes stored in memory that correspond to each of A, G T and C, respectively. The phosphoramidite method of oligonucleotide synthesis is performed by methods known to those of skill in the art [see, e.g., Brown et al. (1991) “Modern machine-aided methods of oligodeoxyribonucleotide synthesis” in Oligonucleotides Analogues EDITOR: Eckstein, Fritz (Ed), IRL, Oxford, UK., pp. 1-24, esp. pp. 4-7].

FIG. 4 depicts generation of a chemical library, such as a library of organic molecules, in which R₁, R₂, R₃ are substituents on selected molecule, such as a pharmacophore monomer, each identified with a different signal, depicted as 1, 2, or 3, from the classes S₁, S₂, S₃, respectively. The circle represents an organic pharmacophore. If R₁-R₃ are the same, and selected from among the same 50 choices, then the complete library contains 50³=125,000 members. If R₁-R₃ selected from among different sets of choices, then the resulting library has correspondingly more members. Each matrix memory can be encoded with information that represents the R_(n) added and class [S_(n)] thereby providing a unique code for each library member.

FIG. 5 is a block diagram of the data storage means and supporting electrical components of a preferred embodiment.

FIG. 6 is a diagrammatic view of the memory array within the recording device, and the corresponding data stored in the host computer memory.

FIG. 7 is an illustration of an exemplary apparatus for separating the matrix particles with memories for individual exposure to an EM signal.

FIG. 8 is an illustration of a second exemplary embodiment of an apparatus for separating matrix particles for individual exposure to an optical signal.

FIG. 9 is a diagrammatic view of the memory array within the recording device, the corresponding data stored in the host computer memory, and included photodetector with amplifier and gating transistor.

FIG. 10 is a scheme for the synthesis of the 8 member RF encoded combinatorial decameric peptide library described in EXAMPLE 4. All couplings were carried out in DMF at ambient temperature for 1 h [two couplings per amino acid], using PyBOP and EDIA or DIEA. Deprotection conditions: 20% piperidine in DMF, ambient temperature, 30 min.; Cleavage conditions: 1,2-ethanedithiol:thioanisole:water:phenol:trifluoro-acetic acid [1.5:3:3:4.5:88, w/w], ambient temperature, 1.5 h.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF PREFERRED EMBODIMENTS

Definitions

Unless defined otherwise, all technical and scientific terms used herein have the same meaning as is commonly understood by one of skill in the art to which this invention belongs. All patents and publications referred to herein are, unless noted otherwise, incorporated by reference in their entirety.

As used herein, a matrix refers to any solid or semisolid or insoluble support to which the memory device and/or the molecule of interest, typically a biological molecule, organic molecule or biospecific ligand, is linked or contacted. Such materials include any materials that are used as affinity matrices or supports for chemical and biological molecule syntheses and analyses, such as, but are not limited to: polystyrene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, nylon, glass, dextran, chitin, sand, pumice, Teflon®, agarose, polysaccharides, dendrimers, buckyballs, polyacrylamide, silicon, rubber, and other materials used as supports for solid phase syntheses, affinity separations and purifications, hybridization reactions, immunoassays and other such applications. The matrix herein may be particulate or may be in the form of a continuous surface, such as a microtiter dish or well, a glass slide, a silicon chip, a nitrocellulose sheet, nylon mesh, or other such materials. When particulate, typically the particles have at least one dimension in the 5-10 mm range or smaller. Such particles, referred collectively herein as “beads”, are often, but not necessarily, spherical. Such reference, however, does not constrain the geometry of the matrix, which may be any shape, including random shapes, needles, fibers, elongated, etc. Roughly spherical “beads” are presently preferred. The “beads” may include additional components, such as magnetic or para-magnetic particles (see, e.g., Dynabead®(Dynal, Oslo, Norway)) for separation using magnets, as long as the additional components do not interfere with chemical reactions, data entry or retrieval from the memory.

As used herein, matrix particles refer to matrix materials that are in the form of discrete particles. The particles have any shape and dimensions, but typically have at least one dimension that is 100 mm or less, preferably 50 mm or less, more preferably 10 mm or less, and typically have a size that is 100 mm³ or less, preferably 50 mm³ or less, more preferably 10 mm³ or less, and most preferably 1 mm³ or less. The matrices may also be continuous surfaces, such as microtiter plates, e.g., plates made from polystyrene or polycarbonate or derivatives thereof commercially available from Perkin Elmer Cetus, and Covalink® trays (Nunc Corporation), microtiter plate lids or a test tube, such as a 1 ml Eppendorf™ tube.

Matrices that are in the form of containers refers to containers, such as test tubes and microtiter plates and vials that are typically used for solid phase syntheses of combinatorial libraries or as pouches, vessels, bags, and microvessels for screening and diagnostic assays. Thus, a container used for chemical syntheses refers to a container that typically has a volume of about 1 liter, generally 100 ml, and more often 10 ml or less, 5 ml or less, preferably 1 ml or less, and as small as about 50 μl-500 μl, such as 100 μl or 250 μl. This also refers to multi-well plates, such as microtiter plates. For example, the microtiter plate will typically contain a recording device in, on, or otherwise in contact with in each of a plurality of wells.

As used herein, a matrix with a memory refers to a combination of a matrix with a miniature recording device that stores multiple bits of data by which the matrix may be identified, preferably in a non-volatile memory that can be written to and read from by transmission of electromagnetic radiation from a remote host, such as a computer. By miniature is meant of a size less than about 10-20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in the largest dimension]. Preferred memory devices or data storage units are miniature and are preferably smaller than 10-20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in its largest dimension] dimension, more preferably less than 5 mm³, most preferably about 1 mm³ or smaller.

As used herein, a combination named a “micro-can,” herein called a microvessel, refers to a combination in which a single device, or more than one device, and a plurality of particles are sealed in a porous or semi-permeable inert material, such as Teflon® or polypropylene or membrane that is permeable to the components of the medium, or they are sealed in a small closable container that has at least one dimension that is porous or semi-permeable. Typically, such a microvessel, which preferably has at least one end that can be opened and sealed or closed tightly, has a volume of about 200-500 mm³, with preferred dimensions of about 1-10 mm in diameter and 5 to 20 mm in height, more preferably about 5 mm by 15 mm. The porous wall should be non-collapsible with a pore size in the range of 70 μM to about 100 μM, but can be selected to be semi-permeable for selected components of the reaction medium.

As used herein, a memory is a data storage unit [or medium] with programmable memory, preferably a non-volatile memory.

As used herein, programming refers to the process by which data or information is entered and stored in a memory. A memory that is programmed is a memory that contains retrievable information.

As used herein, remotely programmable, means that the memory can be programmed without direct physical or electrical contact or can be programmed from a distance, typically at least about 10 mm, although shorter distances may also be used, such as instances in which the information comes from surface or proximal reactions or from an adjacent memory or in instances, such as embodiments in which the memories are very close to each other, as in microtiter plate wells or in an array.

As used herein, a recording device is an apparatus that includes the data storage unit with programmable memory, and, if necessary, means for receiving information and for transmitting information that has been recorded. It includes any means needed or used for writing to and reading from the memory. The recording devices intended for use herein, are miniature devices that preferably are smaller than 10-20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in their largest dimension], and more preferably are closer in size to 1 mm³ or smaller that contain at least one such memory and means for receiving and transmitting data to and from the memory.

As used herein, a data storage unit with programmable memory includes any data storage means having the ability to record multiple discrete bits of data, which discrete bits of data may be individually accessed [read] after one or more recording operations. Thus, a matrix with memory is a combination of a matrix material with a miniature data storage unit.

As used herein, programmable means capable of storing unique data points. Addressable means having unique locations that may be selected for storing the unique data points.

As used herein, a host computer or decoder/encoder instrument is an instrument that has been programmed with or includes information [i.e., a key] specifying the code used to encode the memory devices. This instrument or one linked thereto transmits the information and signals to the recording device and it, or another instrument, receives the information transmitted from the recording device upon receipt of the appropriate signal. This instrument thus creates the appropriate signal to transmit to the recording device and can interpret transmitted signals. For example, if a “1” is stored at position 1,1 in the memory of the recording device means, upon receipt of this information, this instrument or computer can determine that this means the linked molecule is, for example, a peptide containing alanine at the N-terminus, an organic group, organic molecule, oligonucleotide, or whatever this information has been predetermined to mean. Alternatively, the information sent to and transmitted from the recording device can be encoded into the appropriate form by a person.

As used herein, an electromagnetic tag is a recording device that has a memory that contains unique data points that correspond to information that identifies molecules or biological particles linked to, directly or indirectly, in physical contact with or in proximity to the device. Thus, electromagnetic tagging is the process by which identifying or tracking information is transmitted [by any means and to any recording device memory, including optical and magnetic storage media] to the recording device.

As used herein, proximity means within a very short distance, generally less than 0.5 inch, typically less than 0.2 inches. In particular, stating that the matrix material and memory, or the biological particle or molecule and matrix with memory are in proximity means that, they are at least or at least were in the same reaction vessel or, if the memory is removed from the reaction vessel, the identity of the vessel containing the molecules or biological particles with which the memory was proximate or linked is tracked or otherwise known.

As used herein, antifuse refers to an electrical device that is initially an open circuit that becomes a closed circuit during programming, thereby providing for non-volatile memory means and, when accompanied by appropriate transceiver and rectification circuitry, permitting remote programming and, hence identification. In practice, an antifuse is a substantially nonconductive structure that is capable of becoming substantially conductive upon application of a predetermined voltage, which exceeds a threshold voltage. An antifuse memory does not require a constant voltage source for refreshing the memory and, therefore, may be incorporated in a passive device. Other memories that may be used include, but are not limited to: EEPROMS, DRAMS and flash memories.

As used herein, flash memory is memory that retains information when power is removed [see, eg., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,452,311, 5,452,251 and 5,449,941]. Flash memory can be rewritten by electrically and collectively erasing the stored data, and then by programming.

As used herein, passive device refers to an electrical device which does not have its own voltage source and relies upon a transmitted signal to provide voltage for operation.

As used herein, electromagnetic [EM] radiation refers to radiation understood by skilled artisans to be EM radiation and includes, but is not limited to radiofrequency [RF], infrared [IR], visible, ultraviolet [UV], radiation, sonic waves, X-rays, and laser light.

As used herein, information identifying or tracking a biological particle or molecule, refers to any information that identifies the molecule or biological particle, such as, but not limited to the identity particle [i.e. its chemical formula or name], its sequence, its type, its class, its purity, its properties, such as its binding affinity for a particular ligand. Tracking means the ability to follow a molecule or biological particle through synthesis and/or process steps. The memory devices herein store unique indicators that represent any of this information.

As used herein, combinatorial chemistry is a synthetic strategy that produces diverse, usually large, chemical libraries. It is the systematic and repetitive, covalent connection of a set, the basis set, of different monomeric building blocks of varying structure to each other to produce an array of diverse molecules [see, e.g., Gallop et al. (1994) J. Medicinal Chemistry 37:1233-1251]. It also encompasses other chemical modifications, such as cyclizations, eliminations, cleavages, etc., that are carried in manner that generates permutations and thereby collections of diverse molecules.

As used herein, a biological particle refers to a virus, such as a viral vector or viral capsid with or without packaged nucleic acid, phage, including a phage vector or phage capsid, with or without encapsulated nucleotide acid, a single cell, including eukaryotic and prokaryotic cells or fragments thereof, a liposome or micellar agent or other packaging particle, and other such biological materials.

As used herein, the molecules in the combinations include any molecule, including nucleic acids, amino acids, other biopolymers, and other organic molecules, including peptidomimetics and monomers or polymers of small organic molecular constituents of non-peptidic libraries, that my be identified by the methods here.

As used herein, the term “bio-oligomer” refers to a biopolymer of less than about 100 subunits. A bio-oligomer includes, but is not limited to, a peptide, i.e., containing amino acid subunits, an oligonucleotide, i.e., containing nucleoside subunits, a peptide-oligonucleotide chimera, peptidomimetic, and a polysaccharide.

As used herein, the term “sequences of random monomer subunits” refers to polymers or oligomers containing sequences of monomers in which any monomer subunit may proceed or follow any other monomer subunit.

As used herein, the term “library” refers to a collection of substantially random compounds or biological particles expressing random peptides or proteins. Of particular interest are bio-oligomers, biopolymers, or diverse organic compounds or a set of compounds prepared from monomers based on a selected pharmacophore.

As used herein, an analyte is any substance that is analyzed or assayed in the reaction of interest. Thus, analytes include the substrates, products and intermediates in the reaction, as well as the enzymes and cofactors.

As used herein, multianalyte analysis is the ability to measure many analytes in a single specimen or to perform multiple tests from a single specimen. The methods and combinations herein provide means to identify or track individual analytes from among a mixture of such analytes.

As used herein, a peptidomimetic is a compound that mimics the conformation and certain stereochemical features of the biologically active form of a particular peptide. In general, peptidomimetics are designed to mimic certain desirable properties of a compound but not the undesirable features, such as flexibility leading to a loss of the biologically active conformation and bond breakdown. For example, methylenethio bioisostere [CH₂S] has been used as an amide replacement in enkephalin analogs [see, e.g., Spatola, A. F. Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides, and Proteins [Weinstein, B, Ed., Vol. 7, pp. 267-357, Marcel Dekker, New York (1983); and Szelke et al. (1983) In Peptides: Structure and Function, Proceedings of the Eighth American Peptide Symposium, Hruby and Rich, Eds., pp. 579-582, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford, Ill.].

As used herein, complete coupling means that the coupling reaction is driven substantially to completion despite or regardless of the differences in the coupling rates of individual components of the reaction, such as amino acids In addition, the amino acids, or whatever is being coupled, are coupled to substantially all available coupling sites on the solid phase support so that each solid phase support will contain essentially only one species of peptide.

As used herein, the biological activity or bioactivity of a particular compound includes any activity induced, potentiated or influenced by the compound in vivo or in vitro. It also includes the abilities, such as the ability of certain molecules to bind to particular receptors and to induce [or modulate] a functional response. It may be assessed by in vivo assays or by in vitro assays, such as those exemplified herein.

As used herein, pharmaceutically acceptable salts, esters or other derivatives of the compounds include any salts, esters or derivatives that may be readily prepared by those of skill in this art using known methods for such derivatization and that produce compounds that may be administered to animals or humans without substantial toxic effects and that either are pharmaceutically active or are prodrugs. For example, hydroxy groups can be esterified or etherified.

As used herein, substantially pure means sufficiently homogeneous to appear free of readily detectable impurities as determined by standard methods of analysis, such as thin layer chromatography [TLC], mass spectrometry [MS], size exclusion chromatography, gel electrophoresis, particularly agarose and polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis [PAGE] and high performance liquid chromatography [HPLC], used by those of skill in the art to assess such purity, or sufficiently pure such that further purification would not detectably alter the physical and chemical properties, such as enzymatic and biological activities, of the substance. Methods for purification of the compounds to produce substantially chemically pure compounds are known to those of skill in the art. A substantially chemically pure compound may, however, be a mixture of stereoisomers. In such instances, further purification might increase the specific activity of the compound.

As used herein, adequately pure or “pure” per se means sufficiently pure for the intended use of the adequately pure compound.

As used herein, biological activity refers to the in vivo activities of a compound or physiological responses that result upon in vivo administration of a compound, composition or other mixture. Biological activity, thus, encompasses therapeutic effects and pharmaceutical activity of such compounds, compositions and mixtures.

As used herein, a prodrug is a compound that, upon in vivo administration, is metabolized or otherwise converted to the biologically, pharmaceutically or therapeutically active form of the compound. To produce a prodrug, the pharmaceutically active compound is modified such that the active compound will be regenerated by metabolic processes. The prodrug may be designed to alter the metabolic stability or the transport characteristics of a drug, to mask side effects or toxicity, to improve the flavor of a drug or to alter other characteristics or properties of a drug. By virtue of knowledge of pharmacodynamic processes and drug metabolism in vivo, those of skill in this art, once a pharmaceutically active compound is known, can design prodrugs of the compound [see, e.g., Nogrady (1985) Medicinal Chemistry A Biochemical Approach, Oxford University Press, New York, pages 388-392].

As used herein, amino acids refer to the naturally-occurring amino acids and any other non-naturally occurring amino acids, and also the corresponding D-isomers. It is also understood that certain amino acids may be replaced by substantially equivalent non-naturally occurring variants thereof, such as D-Nva, D-Nle, D-Alle, and others listed with the abbreviations below or known to those of skill in this art.

As used herein, hydrophobic amino acids include Ala, Val, Leu, Ile, Pro, Phe, Trp, and Met, the non-naturally occurring amino acids and the corresponding D isomers of the hydrophobic amino acids, that have similar hydrophobic properties; the polar amino acids include Gly, Ser, Thr, Cys, Tyr, Asn, Gln, the non-naturally occurring amino acids and the corresponding D isomers of the polar amino acids, that have similar properties, the charged amino acids include Asp, Glu, Lys, Arg, His, the non-naturally occurring amino acids and the corresponding D isomers of these amino acids.

As used herein, Southern, Northern, Western and dot blot procedures refer to those in which DNA, RNA and protein patterns, respectively, are transferred for example, from agarose gels, polyacrylamide gels or other suitable medium that constricts convective motion of molecules, to nitrocellulose membranes or other suitable medium for hybridization or antibody or antigen binding are well known to those of skill in this art [see, e.g., Southern (1975) J. Mol. Biol. 98:503-517; Ketner et al. (1976) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 73:1102-1106; Towbin et al. (1979) Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 76:4350].

As used herein, the abbreviations for amino acids and protective groups are in accord with their common usage and the IUPAC-IUB Commission on Biochemical Nomenclature [see, (1972) Biochem. 11: 1726]. Each naturally occurring L-amino acid is identified by the standard three letter code or the standard three letter code with or without the prefix “L-”; the prefix “D-” indicates that the stereoisomeric form of the amino acid is D. For example, as used herein, Fmoc is 9-fluorenyl-methoxycarbonyl; BOP is benzotriazol-1-yloxytris(dimethylamino)phosphonium hexafluorophosphate, DCC is dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; DDZ is dimethoxydimethylbenzyloxy; DMT is dimethoxytrityl; FMOC is fluorenyl-methyloxycarbonyl; HBTU is 2-(1H-benzotriazol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyl-uronium; hexafluorophosphate NV is nitroveratryl; NVOC is 6-nitrovera-tryloxycarbonyl and other photoremovable groups; TFA is trifluoroacetic acid; DMF for N,N-dimethylformamide; Boc is tert-butoxycarbonyl; TFA for trifluoroacetic acid; HF for hydrogen fluoride; HFIP for hexafluoroisopropanol; HPLC for high performance liquid chromatography; FAB-MS for fast atom bombardment mass spectrometry; DCM is dichloromethane, Bom is benzyloxymethyl; Pd/C is palladium catalyst on activated charcoal; DIC is diisopropylcarbodiimide; DCC is N,N′-dicyclohexylcarbodiimide; [For] is formyl; PyBop is benzotriazol-1-yl-oxy-trispyrrolidino-phosphonium hexafluorophosphate; DIEA is diisopropylethylamine EDIA is ethyldiisopropylethylamine; and PAL is pyridylalanine; HATU is O(7-azabenzotriaol-1-yl)-1,1,3,3-tetramethyluronium hexafluorophosphate; and EDT is 1,2-ethanedithiol. Protected amino acids are readily available to those of skill in this art. For example, Fmoc and Boc protected amino acids can be obtained from Fluka, Bachem, Advanced Chemtech, Sigma, Cambridge Research Biochemical, Bachem, or Peninsula Labs or other chemical companies familiar to those who practice this art.

A. Matrices

Matrices, which are generally insoluble materials used to immobilize ligands and other molecules, have application in many chemical syntheses and separations. Matrices are used in affinity chromatography, in the immobilization of biologically active materials, and during chemical syntheses of biomolecules, including proteins, amino acids and other organic molecules and polymers. The preparation of matrices is well known to those of skill in this art; there are many such materials and preparations thereof known. For example, naturally-occurring matrix materials, such as agarose and cellulose, may be isolated from their respective sources, and processed according to known protocols, and synthetic materials may be prepared in accord with known protocols.

Matrices include any material that can act as a support matrix for attachment of the molecules or biological particles of interest and can be in contact with or proximity to with, preferably encasing or coating, the data storage device with programmable memory. Any matrix composed of material that is compatible with and upon or in which chemical syntheses are performed, including biocompatible polymers, is suitable for use herein. The matrix material should be selected so that it does not interfere with the chemistry or biological reaction of interest during the time which the molecule or particle is linked in close proximity thereto [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,006,403]. These matrices, thus include any material to which the data storage device with memory can be attached, placed in proximity thereof, impregnated, encased or otherwise connected, linked or physically contacted. Such materials are known to those of skill in this art, and include those that are used as a support matrix. These materials include, but are not limited to, inorganics, natural polymers, and synthetic polymers, including, but are not limited to: cellulose, cellulose derivatives, acrylic resins, glass, silica gels, polystyrene, gelatin, polyvinyl pyrrolidone, co-polymers of vinyl and acrylamide, polystyrene cross-linked with divinylbenzene or the like [see, Merrifield (1964) Biochemistry 3:1385-1390], polyacrylamides, latex gels, polystyrene, dextran, polyacrylamides, rubber, silicon, plastics, nitrocellulose, celluloses, natural sponges, and many others. Among the preferred matrices are polymeric beads, such as the TentaGel™ resins and derivatives thereof [sold by Rapp Polymere, Tubingen, Germany; see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,908,405 and 5,292,814; see, also Butz et al. (1994) Peptide Res. 7:20-23; Kleine et al. (1994) Immunobiol. 190:53-66; see, also Piskin et al. (1994), Chapter 18 “Nondegradable and Biodegradable Polymeric Particles” in Diagnostic Biosensor Polymers, ACS Symp.Series 556, Usmani et al. Eds, American Chemical Society, Washington, D.C.], which are designed for solid phase chemistry and for affinity separations and purifications. See, also Bayer et al. (1994) in Pept.: Chem., Struct. Biol., Proc. Am. Pept. Symp., 13th; Hodges, et al. eds., pp.156-1 58; Zhang et al. (1993) Pept. 1992, Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp., 22nd, Schneider, et al., eds. pp. 432-433; IIg et al. (1994) Macromolecules, pp. 2778-83; Zeppezauer et al. (1993) Z. Naturforsch., B: Chem. Sci. 48:1801-1806; Rapp et al. (1992) Pept. Chem. 1992, Proc. Jpn. Symp., 2nd, Yanaihara, ed., pp. 7-10; Nokihara et al. (1993) Shimadzu Hyoron 50:25-31; Wright et al. (1993) Tetrahedron Lett. 34:3373-3376; Bayer et al. (1992) Poly(Ethylene Glycol) Chem. Harris, ed., pp. 325-45; Rapp et al. (1990) Innovation Perspect. Solid Phase Synth. Collect. Pap., Int. Symp., 1st, Epton, ed., pp. 205-10; Rapp et al. (1992) Pept.: Chem. Biol., Proc. Am. Pept. Symp., 12th, Smith et al., eds., pp. 529-530; Rapp et al. (1989) Pept., Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp., 20th, Jung et al., ed.,pp. 199-201; Bayer et al. (1 986) Chem. Pept. Proteins 3: 3-8; Bayer et al. (1983) Pept.: Struct. Funct., Proc. Am. Pept. Symp., 8th, Hruby et al. eds.,pp. 87-90 for descriptions of preparation of such beads and use thereof in synthetic chemistry.

Each such “bead” may contain one or more memories. In addition, the solid phase chemistry and subsequent assaying may be performed on the same bead. All procedures can be automated.

The matrices are typically insoluble substrates that are solid, porous, deformable, or hard, and have any required structure and geometry, including, but not limited to: beads, pellets, disks, capillaries, hollow fibers, needles, solid fibers, random shapes, thin films and membranes. Typically, when the matrix is particulate, the particles are at least about 10-2000 μM. For purposes herein, the support material will encase or be in contact with the data storage device, and, thus, will desirably have at least one dimension on the order of 1 mm [1000 M] or more, although smaller particles may be contacted with the data storage devices. Each memory will be in contact with or proximity to at least one matrix particle, and may be in contact with more than one. As smaller semiconductor and electronic or optical devices become available, the size of the memory and size of the particles can be decreased. For example, presently, 0.5 micron semiconductor devices are available. Integrated circuits 0.25-micron in size have been described and are being developed using a technology called the Complementary Metal Oxide-Semiconductor process (see, e.g., Investor's Business Daily May 30, 1995).

Also larger matrix particles, which advantageously provide ease of handling, may be used and may be in contact with or proximity to more than one memory (i.e., one particle may have a plurality of memories in proximity or linked to it; each memory may programmed with different data regarding the matrix particle, linked molecules, synthesis or assay protocol, etc.]. Thus, so-called macro-beads (Rapp Polymere, Tubingen, Germany), which have a diameter of 2 mm when swollen, or other matrices of such size, are also contemplated for use herein. Particles of such size can be readily manipulated and the memory can be readily impregnated in or on the bead. These beads (available from Rapp) are also advantageous because of their uniformity in size, which is useful when automating the processes for electronically tagging and assaying the beads.

Selection of these matrices will be governed, at least in part, by their physical and chemical properties, such as solubility, functional groups, mechanical stability, surface area swelling propensity, hydrophobic or hydrophilic properties and intended use.

The data storage device with programmable memory may be coated with a material, such as a glass or a plastic, that can be further derivatized and used as the support or it may be encased, partially or completely, in the matrix material, such as during or prior to polymerization of the material. Such coating may be performed manually or may be automated. The coating can be effected manually or using instruments designed for coating such devices. Instruments for this purpose are available [see, eg., the Series C3000 systems for dipping available from Specialty Coating Systems, Inc., Indianapolis, Ind.; and the Series CM 2000 systems for spray coating available from Integrated Technologies, Inc. Acushnet, Mass.].

The data storage device with memory may be physically inserted into the matrix material or particle. It also can be manufactured with a coating that is suitable for use as a matrix or that includes regions in the coating that are suitable for use as a matrix. If the matrix material is a porous membrane, it may be placed inside the membrane. It is understood that when the memory device is encased in the matrix or coated with protective material, such matrix or material must be transparent to the signal used to program the memory for writing or reading data. More than one matrix particle may be linked to each data storage device.

In some instances, the data storage device with memory is coated with a polymer, which is then treated to contain an appropriate reactive moiety or in some cases the device may be obtained commercially already containing the reactive moiety, and may thereby serve as the matrix support upon which molecules or biological particles are linked. Materials containing reactive surface moieties such as amino silane linkages, hydroxyl linkages or carboxysilane linkages may be produced by well established surface chemistry techniques involving silanization reactions, or the like. Examples of these materials are those having surface silicon oxide moieties, covalently linked to gamma-aminopropylsilane, and other organic moieties; N-[3-(triethyoxysilyl)propyl]phthelamic acid; and bis-(2-hydroxyethyl)aminopropyltriethoxysilane. Exemplary of readily available materials containing amino group reactive functionalities, include, but are not limited to, para-aminophenyltriethyoxysilane. Also derivatized polystyrenes and other such polymers are well known and readily available to those of skill in this art [e.g., the Tentagel® Resins are available with a multitude of functional groups, and are sold by Rapp Polymere, Tubingen, Germany; see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,908,405 and 5,292,814; see, also Butz et al. (1994) Peptide Res. 7:20-23; Kleine et al. (1 994) Immunobiol. 190:53-66].

The data storage device with memory, however, generally should not or cannot be exposed to the reaction solution, and, thus, must be coated with at least a thin layer of a glass or ceramic or other protective coating that does not interfere with the operation of the device. These operations include electrical conduction across the device and transmission of remotely transmitted electromagnetic radiation by which data are written and read. It is such coating that may also serve as a matrix upon which the molecules or biological particles may be linked.

The data storage devices with memory may be coated either directly or following coating with a ceramic, glass or other material, may then be coated with agarose, which is heated, the devices are dipped into the agarose, and then cooled to about room temperature. The resulting glass, silica, agarose or other coated memory device, may be used as the matrix supports for chemical syntheses and reactions.

Conventional integrated circuit manufacturing and packaging methods include methods and means for encapsulating integrated circuits to protect the devices from the environment and to facilitate connection to external devices. Also, there are numerous descriptions for the preparation of semiconductor devices and wires, particularly for use as biosensors [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,933,285; see, also Cass, Ed. (1990) Biosensors A Practical Approach, IRL Press at Oxford University Press, Oxford; biosensors are chemosensors with a biological detection system, generally biologically active substances, such as enzymes, antibodies, lectins and hormone receptors, which are immobilized on the surface of the sensor electrode or in a thin layer on the sensor electrode], which measure electrochemical solution parameters, such as pH. Despite differences in the components of biosensors and recording devices used herein, certain of the methods for coating electrodes and wires in the biosensor art may be adapted for use herein [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,342,772, 5,389,534, 5,384,028, 5,296,122, 5,334,880, 5,311,039, 4,777,019, 5,143,854, 5,200,051, 5,212,050, 5,310,686, 5324,591; see, also Usmani et al., ed. (1994) Diagnostic Biosensor Polymers, ACS Symposium Series No. 556].

It is, however, emphasized that the combinations herein are not biosensors, which include electrodes that must be in contact with the solution such that molecules in solution directly contact the electrode, and which measure solution parameters. The combinations herein are matrix materials with recording devices that contain data storage units that include remotely programmable memories; the recording devices used in solution must be coated with a material that prevents contact between the recording device and the medium, such as the solution or air or gas [e.g., nitrogen or oxygen or CO₂]. The devices herein, however may be combined with biosensors or other such sensor devices and used in connection therewith to monitor information obtained by the biosensor or to transmit information to the biosensor or used to monitor the location of a biosensor or to transmit information from the biosensor if used internally in an animal.

1. Natural Matrix Support Materials

Naturally-occurring supports include, but are not limited to agarose, other polysaccharides, collagen, celluloses and derivatives thereof, glass, silica, and alumina. Methods for isolation, modification and treatment to render them suitable for use as supports is well known to those of skill in this art [see, e.g., Hermanson et al. (1992) Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego]. Gels, such as agarose, can be readily adapted for use herein. Natural polymers such as polypeptides, proteins and carbohydrates; metalloids, such as silicon and germanium, that have semiconductive properties, as long as they do not interfere with operation of the data storage device may also be adapted for use herein. Also, metals such as platinum, gold, nickel, copper, zinc, tin, palladium, silver, again as long as the combination of the data storage device with memory, matrix support with molecule or biological particle does not interfere with operation of the device with memory, may be adapted for use herein. Other matrices of interest include oxides of the metal and metalloids such as Pt—PtO, Si—SiO, Au—AuO, TiO2, Cu—CuO, and the like. Also compound semiconductors, such as lithium niobate, gallium arsenide and indium-phosphide, and nickel-coated mica surfaces, as used in preparation of molecules for observation in an atomic force microscope [see, e.g., III et al. (1993) Biophys J. 64:919] may be used as matrices. Methods for preparation of such matrix materials are well known.

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,175,183 describes a water insoluble hydroxyalkylated cross-linked regenerated cellulose and a method for its preparation. A method of preparing the product using near stoichiometric proportions of reagents is described. Use of the product directly in gel chromatography and as an intermediate in the preparation of ion exchangers is also described.

2. Synthetic Matrices

There are innumerable synthetic matrices and methods for their preparation known to those of skill in this art. Synthetic matrices are typically produced by polymerization of functional matrices, or copolymerization from two or more monomers of from a synthetic monomer and naturally occurring matrix monomer or polymer, such as agarose. Before such polymers solidify, they are contacted with the data storage device with memory, which can be cast into the material or dipped into the material. Alternatively, after preparation of particles or larger synthetic matrices, the recording device containing the data storage unit(s) can be manually inserted into the matrix material. Again, such devices can be pre-coated with glass, ceramic, silica or other suitable material.

Synthetic matrices include, but are not limited to: acrylamides, dextran-derivatives and dextran co-polymers, agarose-polyacrylamide blends, other polymers and co-polymers with various functional groups, methacrylate derivatives and co-polymers, polystyrene and polystyrene copolymers [see, eg., Merrifield (1964) Biochemistry 3:1385-1390; Berg et al. (1990) in Innovation Perspect. Solid Phase Synth. Collect. Pap., Int. Symp., 1st, Epton, Roger (Ed), pp. 453-459; Berg et al. (1989) in Pept., Proc. Eur. Pept. Symp., 20th, Jung, G. et al. (Eds), pp. 196-198; Berg et al. (1989) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 111:8024-8026; Kent et al. (1979) Isr. J. Chem. 17:243-247; Kent et al. (1978) J. Org. Chem. 43:2845-2852; Mitchell et al. (1976) Tetrahedron Lett. 42:3795-3798; U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,507,230; 4,006,117; and 5,389,449]. Methods for preparation of such matrices are well-known to those of skill in this art.

Synthetic matrices include those made from polymers and co-polymers such as polyvinylalcohols, acrylates and acrylic acids such as polyethylene-co-acrylic acid, polyethylene-co-methacrylic acid, polyethylene-co-ethylacrylate, polyethylene-co-methyl acrylate, polypropylene-co-acrylate, acid, polypropylene-co-methyl-acrylic acid, polypropylene-co-ethylacrylate, polypropylene-co-methyl acrylate, polyethylene-co-vinyl acetate, polypropylene-co-vinyl acetate, and those containing acid anhydride groups such as polyethylene-co-maleic anhydride, polypropylene-co-maleic anhydride and the like. Liposomes have also been used as solid supports for affinity purifications [Powell et al. (1989) Biotechnol. Bioeng. 33:173].

For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,403,750, describes the preparation of polyurethane-based polymers. U.S. Pat. No. 4,241,537 describes a plant growth medium containing a hydrophilic polyurethane gel composition prepared from chain-extended polyols; random copolymerization is preferred with up to 50% propylene oxide units so that the prepolymer will be a liquid at room temperature. U.S. Pat. No. 3,939,123 describes lightly crosslinked polyurethane polymers of isocyanate terminated prepolymers containing poly(ethyleneoxy) glycols with up to 35% of a poly(propyleneoxy) glycol or a poly(butyleneoxy) glycol. In producing these polymers, an organic polyamine is used as a crosslinking agent. Other matrices and preparation thereof are described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,177,038, 4,175,183, 4,439,585, 4,485,227, 4,569,981, 5,092,992, 5,334,640, 5,328,603.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,162,355 describes a polymer suitable for use in affinity chromatography, which is a polymer of an aminimide and a vinyl compound having at least one pendant halo-methyl group. An amine ligand, which affords sites for binding in affinity chromatography is coupled to the polymer by reaction with a portion of the pendant halo-methyl groups and the remainder of the pendant halo-methyl groups are reacted with an amine containing a pendant hydrophilic group. A method of coating a substrate with this polymer is also described. An exemplary aminimide is 1,1-dimethyl-1-(2-hydroxyoctyl)amine methacrylimide and vinyl compound is a chloromethyl styrene.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,171,412 describes specific matrices based on hydrophilic polymeric gels, preferably of a macroporous character, which carry covalently bonded D-amino acids or peptides that contain D-amino acid units. The basic support is prepared by copolymerization of hydroxyalkyl esters or hydroxyalkylamides of acrylic and methacrylic acid with crosslinking acrylate or methacrylate comonomers are modified by the reaction with diamines, aminoacids or dicarboxylic acids and the resulting carboxyterminal or aminoterminal groups are condensed with D-analogs of aminoacids or peptides. The peptide containing D-amino-acids also can be synthesized stepwise on the surface of the carrier.

U.S. Pat. No. 4,178,439 describes a cationic ion exchanger and a method for preparation thereof. U.S. Pat. No. 4,180,524 describes chemical syntheses on a silica support.

Immobilized Artificial Membranes [IAMs; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,931,498 and 4,927,879] may also be used. IAMs mimic cell membrane environments and may be used to bind molecules that preferentially associate with cell membranes [see, e.g., Pidgeon et al. (1990) Enzyme Microb. Technol. 12:149].

3. Immobilization and Activation

Numerous methods have been developed for the immobilization of proteins and other biomolecules onto solid or liquid supports [see, e.g., Mosbach (1976) Methods in Enzymology 44; Weetall (1975) Immobilized Enzymes, Antigens, Antibodies, and Peptides; and Kennedy et al. (1983) Solid Phase Biochemistry, Analytical and Synthetic Aspects, Scouten, ed., pp. 253-391; see, generally, Affinity Techniques. Enzyme Purification: Part B. Methods in Enzymology, Vol. 34, ed. W. B. Jakoby, M. Wilchek, Acad. Press, N.Y. (1974); Immobilized Biochemicals and Affinity Chromatography, Advances in Experimental Medicine and Biology, vol. 42, ed. R. Dunlap, Plenum Press, N.Y. (1974)].

Among the most commonly used methods are absorption and adsorption or covalent binding to the support, either directly or via a linker, such as the numerous disulfide linkages, thioether bonds, hindered disulfide bonds, and covalent bonds between free reactive groups, such as amine and thiol groups, known to those of skill in art [see, e.g., the PIERCE CATALOG, ImmunoTechnology Catalog & Handbook, 1992-1993, which describes the preparation of and use of such reagents and provides a commercial source for such reagents; and Wong (1993) Chemistry of Protein Conjugation and Cross Linking, CRC Press]. To effect immobilization, a solution of the protein or other biomolecule is contacted with a support material such as alumina, carbon, an ion-exchange resin, cellulose, glass or a ceramic. Fluorocarbon polymers have been used as supports to which biomolecules have been attached by adsorption [see, U.S. Pat. No. 3,843,443; Published International PCT Application WO/86 03840].

A large variety of methods are known for attaching biological molecules, including proteins and nucleic acids, molecules to solid supports [see. e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,451,683]. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 4,681,870 describes a method for introducing free amino or carboxyl groups onto a silica matrix. These groups may subsequently be covalently linked to other groups, such as a protein or other anti-ligand, in the presence of a carbodiimide. Alternatively, a silica matrix may be activated by treatment with a cyanogen halide under alkaline conditions. The anti-ligand is covalently attached to the surface upon addition to the activated surface. Another method involves modification of a polymer surface through the successive application of multiple layers of biotin, avidin and extenders [see, e g, U.S. Pat. No. 4,282,287]; other methods involve photoactivation in which a polypeptide chain is attached to a solid substrate by incorporating a light-sensitive unnatural amino acid group into the polypeptide chain and exposing the product to low-energy ultraviolet light [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,762,881]. Oligonucleotides have also been attached using a photochemically active reagents, such as a psoralen compound, and a coupling agent, which attaches the photoreagent to the substrate [see, eg., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,542,102 and 4,562,157]. Photoactivation of the photoreagent binds a nucleic acid molecule to the substrate to give a surface-bound probe. Covalent binding of the protein or other biomolecule or organic molecule or biological particle to chemically activated solid matrix supports such as glass, synthetic polymers, and cross-linked polysaccharides is a more frequently used immobilization technique. The molecule or biological particle may be directly linked to the matrix support or linked via linker, such as a metal [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 4,179,402; and Smith et al. (1992) Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enz. 4:73-78]. An example of this method is the cyanogen bromide activation of polysaccharide supports, such as agarose. The use of perfluorocarbon polymer-based supports for enzyme immobilization and affinity chromatography is described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,885,250]. In this method the biomolecule is first modified by reaction with a perfluoroalkylating agent such as perfluorooctylpropylisocyanate described in U.S. Pat. No. 4,954,444. Then, the modified protein is adsorbed onto the fluorocarbon support to effect immobilization.

The activation and use of matrices are well known and may be effected by any such known methods [see, e.g., Hermanson et al. (1992) Immobilized Affinity Ligand Techniques, Academic Press, Inc., San Diego]. For example, the coupling of the amino acids may be accomplished by techniques familiar to those in the art and provided, for example, in Stewart and Young, 1984, Solid Phase Synthesis, Second Edition, Pierce Chemical Co., Rockford.

Molecules may also be attached to matrices through kinetically inert metal ion linkages, such as Co(III), using, for example, native metal binding sites on the molecules, such as IgG binding sequences, or genetically modified proteins that bind metal ions [see, e.g., Smith et al. (1992) Methods: A Companion to Methods in Enzymology 4, 73 (1992); III et al. (1993) Biophys J. 64:919; Loetscher et al. (1992) J. Chromatography 595:113].

B. Data Storage Units with Memory

Any remotely programmable data storage device that can be linked to or used in proximity to the solid supports and molecules and biological particles as described herein is intended for use herein. Preferred devices are rapidly and readily programmable using penetrating electromagnetic radiation, such as radio frequency or visible light lasers, operate with relatively low power, have fast access [preferably 1 sec or less, more preferably 10²-10³ sec], and are remotely programmable so that information can be stored or programmed and later retrieved from a distance, as permitted by the form of the electromagnetic signal used for transmission.

In a passive device, which has no independent power source, the transmitter/receiver system, which transfers the data between the recording device and the host computer and which is preferably integrated on the same substrate as the memory, also supplies the power to program and retrieve the data stored in the chip memory. This is effected by integrating a rectifier circuit onto the substrate to convert the received signal into an operating voltage.

Alternatively, an active device can include a battery [see, eg., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,442,940, 5,350,645, 5,212,315, 5,029,214, 4,960,983] to supply the power to provide an operating voltage to the memory device. When a battery is used the memory can be an EEPROM, a DRAM, or other erasable memory requiring continuous power to retain information. It may be desirable to combine the antenna/rectifier circuit combination with a battery to create a passive/active device, with the voltages supplied by each source supplementing each other. For example, the transmitted signal could provide the voltage for writing and reading, while the battery, in addition to supplementing this voltage, provides a refresh voltage for a DRAM memory so that data is retained when the transmitted signal is removed.

The remotely programmable device can be programmed sequentially to be uniquely identifiable during and after stepwise synthesis of macromolecules or before, or during, or after selection of screened molecules. In certain embodiments herein, the data storage units are information carriers in which the functions of writing data and reading the recorded data are empowered by an electromagnetic signal generated and modulated by a remote host controller. Thus, the data storage devices are inactive, except when exposed to the appropriate electromagnetic signal. In an alternative embodiment, the devices may be optically or magnetically programmable read/write devices.

Electromagnetically Programmable Devices

The programmable devices intended for use herein, include any device that can record or store data. The preferred device will be remotely programmable and will be small, typically on the order of 10-20 mm³ [or 10-20 mm in its largest dimension] or, preferably smaller. Any means for remote programming and data storage, including semiconductors and optical storage media are intended for use herein.

Also intended for use herein, are commercially available precoded devices, such as identification and tracking devices for animals and merchandise, such those used with and as security systems [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,652,528, 5,044,623, 5,099,226, 5,218,343, 5,323,704, 4,333,072, 4,321,069, 4,318,658, 5,121,748, 5,214,409, 5,235,326, 5,257,011 and 5,266,926] and devices used to tag animals [see, e.g., the IPTT-100 purchased from BioMedic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.; see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,636, 5,420,579, 5,262,772, 5,252,962, 5,250,962].

In a preferred embodiment herein, the data storage unit includes a semiconductor chip with integrated circuits formed thereon including a memory and its supporting circuitry. These devices can be written to and interrogated from a distance. A radiofrequency transmitter/receiver system supplies power to program and retrieve data. In particular, the data storage unit preferably includes a programmable read only semi-conductor memory [PROM], preferably a non-volatile memory or other memory that can store data for future retrieval, that will have information describing or identifying the molecules or biological particles linked to or in proximity to the matrix. This information either identifies the molecule or biological particles including a phage and viral particles, bacteria, cells and fragments thereof, provides a history of the synthesis of the molecule, or provides information, such as a batch number, quality control data, reaction number, and/or identity of the linked entity. The memory is programmed, before, during or, preferably, after, each step of synthesis and can thereafter be read, thereby identifying the molecule or its components and order of addition, or process of synthesis.

While many well known read only memory devices use fuse structures that are selectively “blown” to store data points, with a fuse located at each possible data address in an array, those among the devices of interest herein are those that rely on antifuse programming technology, in which short circuits are selectively created through an insulating layer separating word and bit lines in an array. Due to the relatively low level of voltage supplied by the transmitted signal when the memory device is passive, antifuse memories are readily used because of the lower voltage requirements for writing.

The memory devices, which are about 1-20 mm³ in size or less, are rapidly programmable [1 sec, preferably 1 msec or less], can be interrogated from a distance, and are programmable using electromagnetic radiation, preferably frequencies, such as those within the radiofrequency range, that do not alter the assessed activities of the molecules and biological particles of interest.

Devices that rely on other programmable volatile memories are also intended for use herein. For example, a battery may be used as to supply the power to provide an operating voltage to the memory device. When a battery is used the memory can be an EEPROM, a DRAM, or other erasable memory requiring continuous power to retain information. It may be advantageous to combine the antenna/rectifier circuitry with a battery to create a passive/active device, in which the voltages supplied by each source supplement each other. For example, the transmitted signal could provide the voltage for writing and reading, while the battery, in addition to supplementing this write/read voltage, provides a refresh voltage for a DRAM memory so that data is retained when the transmitted signal is removed.

Antifuses

An antifuse contains a layer of antifuse material sandwiched between two conductive electrodes. The antifuse device is initially an open circuited device in its unprogrammed state and can be irreversibly converted into an essentially short circuited device by the application of a programming voltage across the two electrodes to disrupt the antifuse material and create a low resistance current path between the two electrodes.

An exemplary antifuse structure for use herein is formed by defining a word line of heavily N-doped polysilicon on an insulating substrate, depositing an antifuse layer of lightly N-doped semiconductor over the polysilicon, and defining a metal address [or bit] line upon and in electrical contact with the antifuse layer. The semiconductor material used for the antifuse layer is typically selected from among silicon, germanium, carbon and alpha-tin. The properties of the semiconductor material are such that the material is essentially non-conductive as long as the voltage across it does not exceed a threshold level. Once the threshold voltage is exceeded, a conductive filament is formed through the semiconductor so that the resistance between the metal and polysilicon lines at the points at which they cross irreversibly switches from a high resistance state to a relatively low resistance state.

To program or change the resistance of the antifuse from a very high level [greater than 100,000,000 ohms] to a low level [less than 1000 ohms], a voltage of sufficiently high electrical field strength is placed across the antifuse film to create a short circuit. The voltage level required to induce breakdown is determined by the level of dopant in the antifuse layer. As breakdown occurs electrical current will flow through one small region of the film. The current is limited by the resistance of the filament itself as well as any series resistance of conductive layers or logic devices [transistors] in series with the antifuse.

Examples of the antifuse and its use as a memory cell within a Read-Only Memory are discussed in Roesner et al., “Apparatus and Method of Use of Radiofrequency Identification Tags”, U.S. application Ser. No. 08/379,923, filed Jan. 27, 1995, Roesner, “Method of Fabricating a High Density Programmable Read-Only Memory”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,796,074 (1989) and Roesner, “Electrically Programmable Read-Only Memory Stacked above a Semiconductor Substrate”, U.S. Pat. No. 4,442,507 (1984). A preferred antifuse is described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,362. “Method for reducing resistance for programmed antifuse” (1992) [see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,412,593 and 5,384,481].

U.S. Pat. No. 5,095,362 provides a method for fabricating a layer of programmable material within an antifuse that exhibits relatively lower than normal resistance in its programmed state and also provides a semiconductor device containing an antifuse film of the type composed of semiconductor material having a first electrical state that is characterized by high electrical resistivity and a second electrical state that is characterized by low electrical resistivity.

The means for selectively decreasing resistivity includes nonactivated conductive dopants that are ion implanted within the otherwise highly resistive semiconductor material. The dopants as implanted are in a nonactivated state so that the dopants do not enhance the conduction of carriers in the film. Once activated, the dopants enhance the conduction of carriers in the film. Activation of the dopants occurs upon application of a threshold voltage across a predetermined and selected portion of the material in which the dopants are disposed. The selected portion is defined by the crossover point of selected word and bit [or address] lines. The dopants are N-type, selected from among antimony, phosphorous, arsenic, and others to provide additional charge carriers. The implant dosage is used to determine the threshold voltage level that will be required to induce formation of the conductive filament.

P-type dopants, such as boron, may also be used to affect a change in programming voltage.

A Preferred Recording Device with Non-volatile, Such as Anti-fuse-based, Memory

Referring to FIG. 5, which depicts a preferred embodiment, a recording device containing a non-volatile electrically-programmable read-only memory [ROM] 102 that utilizes antifuse technology [or EEPROM or other suitable memory] is combined on a single substrate 100 with a thin-film planar antenna 110 for receiving/transmitting an RF signal 104, a rectifier 112 for deriving a voltage from a received radio frequency [RF] signal, an analog-to-digital converter [ADC] 114 for converting the voltage into a digital signal for storage of data in the memory, and a digital-to-analog converter [DAC] 116 for converting the digital data into a voltage signal for transmission back to the host computer is provided. A single substrate 100 is preferred to provide the smallest possible chip, and to facilitate encapsulation of the chip with a protective, polymer shell [or shell+matrix or matrix material] 90. Shell 90 must be non-reactive with and impervious to the various processes that the recording device is being used to track in order to assure the integrity of the memory device components on the chip. Materials for the shell include any such materials that are known to those of skill in the art [see, e.g., Hiroshi et al., eds. (1995) Polymeric Materials for Microelectronic Applications: Science and Technology, ACS Symposium Series No. 579], including glasses, ceramics, plastics and other inert coatings.

Based on current semiconductor integrated circuit fabrication process capabilities, in a preferred embodiment the finished chip on which all of the listed components are integrated is on the order of 1 mm×1 mm [˜40 mils×40 mils], with a memory capacity of about 1024 bits, but can have greater or lesser capacity as required or desired. Greater memory capacity, where needed, and smaller chips, however, will be preferred. The chip may be larger to accommodate more memory if desired, or may be smaller as design rules permit smaller transistors and higher device densities, i.e., greater memory capacity.

Examples of antifuse ROM structures, and methods for fabricating the same, are provided in the following U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,424,579, 4,442,507, 4,598,386, 4,796,074, 5,095,362, 5,148,256, 5,296,722, and 5,583,819.

In an antifuse-type memory device, the individual memory cells are arranged in matrices of orthogonal conductive word and bit lines to obtain the smallest possible memory array size. For example, for 1024 bits of memory, there are 32 word lines and 32 bit lines for a square matrix. Memories with greater capacity may also be used. Schottky diodes are formed generally corresponding to the points at which the word and bit lines cross. The word and bit lines are separated by an undoped or lightly-doped semiconductor layer with interstitial doping. The semiconductor layer may also be amorphous silicon with implanted dopants in a nonactivated state. Each of these crossover points is a memory cell and is the equivalent of a programmable switch in series with a Schottky diode. Data are stored by the switch being ON or OFF. As fabricated, an antifuse memory device has all of its switches in the OFF state. A switch is turned on by applying a voltage in excess of a pre-determined threshold voltage to one of the word lines while setting a selected bit line to a low logic level. The threshold voltage is determined by the impedance of the semiconductor layer, i.e., its doping level. According to the process for fabricating the antifuse memory of the preferred embodiment, the impedance can be less than 200 ohms with a threshold voltage for programming as low as 3 volts. Since in the embodiment described herein the programming voltage is provided solely by the rectified RF signal, a low threshold is preferred. Application of voltage exceeding the threshold activates the interstitial dopant in the semiconducting film at the point corresponding to the cross-over between the two lines, causing a short between the word and bit lines and irreversibly turning on that particular switch or memory cell. Address decoders, as are known in the art, are used to selectively address the word and bit lines for purposes of both writing information to and reading stored information from the memory array. [See, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,033,623, 5,099,226, 5,105,190, 5,218,343, 5,323,704]. Exemplary means for decoding information to be stored in memory and to be read from memory are provided in U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,442,507 and 4,598,386.

Information to be written into the memory need not be detailed since the data stored in the memory is primarily acting as an identification marker that is traceable to a more detailed record stored in the host computer memory 120, independent of the memory associated with the matrix support or tagged molecule or biological particle. In this manner, the RF signal from transmitter 80 that is used to provide the power and the signal to the matrix particle memory need only address a single memory cell to indicate that a nascent oligomer linked to or in proximity to the memory device has been subjected to a given process step or to identify a molecule or biological particle. In other words, a conventional “push-pull” type of address decoder, where only one bit line and one word line are driven high and low, respectively, at any given time, may be used. Thus, a sophisticated memory addressing system need not be provided on the matrix particle memory chip, and shift registers may be used to control memory addressing. Alternatively, a microprocessor which is mask-programmed during the fabrication process for controlling an address bus which connects the ADC 114 and the DAC 116 to the memory array may also be built onto the same substrate on which the memory and other components are integrated. Other integrated means for selectively addressing locations within the memory are known and will be apparent to the practitioner skilled in the art.

As described above, antifuse memories are well known in the art. These memories include structures in which the word and bit lines may both be made of either N+ polysilicon or metal [aluminum or aluminum-silicon], separated by silicon dioxide (SiO₂), silicon nitride (Si₃N₄), combinations thereof, or amorphous silicon alone or in combination with SiO₂ and/or Si₃N₄. In each case, a short circuit is created at locations in the antifuse material corresponding to the crossover location of selected word and bit lines by applying a voltage in excess of a pre-determined threshold voltage.

Examples of alternate means for forming an antifuse memory are provided in the following U.S. Patents: U.S. Pat. No. 5,248,632, issued Sep. 28, 1993, of Tung et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,250,459, issued Oct. 5, 1993, of Lee, U.S. Pat. No. 5,282,158, issued Jan. 25, 1994, of Lee; U.S. Pat. No. 5,290,734, issued Mar. 1, 1994, of Boardman, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,300,456, issued Apr. 5, 1994, of Tigelaar et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,311,039, issued May 10, 1994, of Kimura, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,316,971, issued May 31, 1994, of Chiang et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,322,812, issued Jun. 21, 1994, of Dixit, et al.; U.S. Pat. No. 5,334,880, issued Aug. 2, 1994, of Abadeer, et al., and others.

Generally for use in the methods herein, non-volatility of the memory or the ability to lock or prevent erasure is preferred since power is applied to the chip only when it is subjected to the RF or other transmission signal for reading or reading and writing. Further considerations are the voltage levels required for writing into memory, since the threshold voltage must be less than the maximum voltage of the rectified RF signal in order to assure that sufficient voltage is always available during the writing process. The write voltage may be enhanced by supplementing the RF-supplied voltage with optically-generated voltage, such as a photocell. Photocells on semiconductor substrates are well known in the art and could be easily integrated onto the chip. A laser or other light source could be readily included in the write apparatus to illuminate the chip coincident with transmission of the RF write signal. Similarly, other forms of electromagnetic radiation may be used to provide additional power, if needed.

Although antifuse memories are not designed to be erasable, it may be desirable to re-use the devices if the memory becomes full. In such instances, conventional electrically programmable erasable read only memories [EEPROMs] may be used instead. Since EEPROMs require higher write voltage levels, it may be desirable to supplement the RF-supplied voltage as described above. In EEPROMs, stored data can be erased by exposing the device to UV light.

Signal rectifier 112 may be one or more Schottky diode(s), making it readily incorporated into the fabrication process used for the memory array. Other means for signal rectification may be used as are known. The ADC 114 and DAC 116 are well-known devices and are readily integrated onto the substrate 100 using the fabrication process described in the references for the memory array. Radio frequency modulation techniques, which are known in the art, for example, pulse code modulation, may be adapted to permit direct digital transmission, in which case the ADC and DAC may not be required.

Antenna 110 is formed during the fabrication process using conventional photolithographic techniques to provide one or more metal structures, such as aluminum, to receive a pre-determined wavelength RF transmission. The antenna may be a simple straight line half-wave antenna which is created by patterning a structure during the second metal process steps so that the structure has a length equal to one-half of the wavelength of the selected RF transmission frequency in free space. Another option for formation of the antenna is as a small loop, either on a dedicated portion of the chip, or encircling the other components of the chip, also formed during the second metal step of the fabrication process. It is noted that, in a typical semiconductor fabrication process, such as would be compatible with the preferred antifuse memory, the first and second metal steps include depositing a layer of aluminum, then patterning the aluminum photolithographically followed by a plasma etch to define the desired features. Except where vias are formed, the two metal layers are separated by a dielectric film. Dipole antennas may be formed by patterning the second metal in a similar manner, with the dimensions of the antenna being selected for the appropriate RF frequency. The two metal layers may also be used to form a microstrip antenna structure by selecting the dielectric film between the metal layers such that it has a dielectric constant and thickness appropriate so that the microstrip is resonant at one-half of the RF wavelength. [The first metal layer provides the ground plane.] The metal structures, which may be square patches, circles, lines, or other geometries, are defined photolithographically during the normal masking steps of the first and second metal processes. Other antenna structures which can be configured as a thin film device for integration onto a common substrate with the memory structure and other components may be used and will be apparent to those skilled in the art. Similarly, a resonant circuit [inductor-capacitor] can be readily integrated onto the chip, with the resonant circuit being tuned to the RF carrier signal of the transmitter.

Frequency tuning of either an antenna or resonant circuit can provide additional coding capability. For example, a first group of memory devices can be tuned to receive a carrier wave of a first RF frequency, e.g., f₁, and a second group could be tuned to receive a second frequency f₂, and so on. The separate carrier frequencies could provide additional means for tracking or providing information to the devices, even if the groups become intermixed.

The RF antenna may, in an alternate embodiment, be formed external to the semiconductor substrate. In this configuration, a separate conductive wire, which acts as an antenna, will be attached to a bond pad formed on the chip using methods known to those skilled in the art. The wire will then be stabilized when the chip is encased in the protective shell, so that the antenna extends at some angle to the chip.

Also, as an alternative to signal transmission via RF, the antifuse or other semiconductor memory and supporting circuitry can receive the addressing commands and device power by optical transmission. In this embodiment, the RF antenna 110 would be replaced by a photocell that generates sufficient write voltage to exceed the threshold voltage. For the addressing commands, the RF transmitter 80 is replaced by a light source, and the commands may be transmitted digitally by pulsing the optical transmitter, which can be a laser, flash lamp or other high intensity light source. It is noted that the light intensity must be sufficient to generate adequate voltage, either singly or in conjunction with a second power generating device, in the photocell to write into memory, but not so high that it damages the metal interconnect on the chip. With digital data transmission analog-to-digital and digital-to-analog conversion circuitry can be eliminated.

The operation of programming the memory to record the process steps to which the linked or adjacent matrix particle or support and linked or proximate molecule or biological particle is exposed involves placing the memory device reasonably close [a distance on the order of about 1 inch [25.4 mm] is presently contemplated, but longer distances should be possible [and shorter distances are also contemplated] and can be determined empirically] to RF transmitter 80. The RF transmitter 80 emits a carrier wave modulated by a signal generated by host computer 122 using conventional RF technology. The carrier wave itself can provide the power to the generate the programming voltage and the operating voltage for the various devices via the rectifier, while the modulation signal provides the address instructions. As stated previously, since the memory only has to be “tagged” to record the exposure of the proximate or linked molecule or biological particle to a given process, the address signal only has to carry information to turn on a single memory location, while the host computer 122 stores into memory 120 the information linking the process information with the single memory location that was “tagged” to record exposure to the process step. Referring to FIG. 1, in which chemical building blocks A, C, and E are added to a molecule linked to a matrix with memory, and to FIG. 6, an illustrative example of how information is written onto a particle is provided in Table 1.

TABLE 1 X-REGISTER Y-REGISTER PROCESS STEP ADDRESS ADDRESS A 1 8 C 2 4 E 3 2

For the step in which A is added, the address signal would increment the x-register 124 one location and increment the y-register 126 eight locations, and then apply the programming voltage. The activation of this switch is indicated by an “A” at the selected address, although the actual value stored will be a binary “1”, indicating ON. [As described, for example, in U.S. Pat. No. 4,424,579; the manner in which the programming voltage is applied depends on whether the decoders have depletion or enhancement transistors.] The host computer 122 would write into its memory 120 that for process A, the x-,y-address is 1,8. Upon removal of the RF signal after recording process A, the voltage is removed and the registers would reset to 0. For the step in which C is added, the address signal would increment the x-register 124 two locations and the y-register 126 four locations, then apply the programming voltage, as indicated by the letter “C”. The host computer 120 would similarly record in memory that an indication of exposure to process C would be found at x-,y-address 2,4. Again, upon removal of the RF signal, the registers reset to 0 so that when the matrix particle's memory is again exposed to RF following addition of block E, the registers increment 3 and 2 locations, respectively, and the programming voltage is applied to turn on the switch, indicated by “E”. Desirably all processing steps are automated.

After processing is completed, to read the information that has been recorded in the memory of the data storage unit, the host computer 122 will inquire into the identity of the particle by generating a command signal to the registers to select the appropriate address locations to determine whether the switch is on or off. If the switch is on, i.e., a voltage drop occurs at that point, the computer will create a record that the particle received a particular process step. Alternatively, the host computer can generate an inquiry signal to sequentially look at all memory locations to determine which switches have been turned on, recording all locations at which voltage drops occurred. The computer will then compare the “on” locations to the process steps stored in its memory to identify the steps through which the subject particle was processed.

If desired, individual particles can be identified by reserving certain memory locations for identification only, for example, the first two rows of the x-register. In this case, particles will be passed separately through the RF signal while the x-register is incremented to turn on switches at address locations 0,0, 1,0, 2,0, etc. With individual identification, the host computer 122 can first generate a signal to query a matrix particle memory to determine its identity, then write the information with regard to the process performed, saving the process and particle information in the host computer memory 120.

Ideally, the tagging of particles which are exposed to a particular process would be performed in the process vessel containing all of the particles. The presence, however, of a large number of particles may result in interference or result in an inability to generate a sufficiently high voltage for programming all of the particles simultaneously. This might be remedied by providing an exposure of prolonged duration, e.g., several minutes, while stirring the vessel contents to provide the greatest opportunity for all particles to receive exposure to the RF signal. On the other hand, since each particle will need to be read individually, a mechanism for separating the particles may be used in both write and read operations. Also, in instances in which each particle will have a different molecule attached, each particle memory must be addressed separately.

An apparatus for separating the particles to allow individual exposure to the RF signal is illustrated in FIG. 7. Here, the particles are placed in a vessel 140 which has a funnel 142, or other constricted section, which permits only one particle 150 to pass at a time. It is noted that the particles, as illustrated, are, for purposes of exemplification, depicted as spherical. The particles, however, can be of any shape, including asymmetric shapes. Where the particles are asymmetric or of other shapes, the size of the funnel exit and tube should be selected to fit the largest diameter of the particles closely. If a particular orientation of the particle is desired or required for effective transmission, the tube and funnel exit should be designed and oriented to permit only particles in the proper alignment with the tube to exit.

The RF transmitter 80 is positioned adjacent a tube 144 which receives input from funnel 142. When a particle passes through tube 144 the RF transmitter provides a signal to write to or read from the particle's memory. Means for initiating the RF transmission may include connection to a mechanical gate or shutter 145 in the funnel 142 which controls the admission of the particle into the tube. As illustrated in FIG. 7, however, optical means for detecting the presence of the matrix particle with memory to initiate RF transmission are provided in the form of a laser 146 directed toward the tube 144, which is transparent to the wavelength of the light emitted by the laser. When the laser light impinges upon the particle [shown with dashed lines] it is reflected toward an optical detector 148 which provides a signal to the host computer 122 to initiate the RF transmission. Alternatively, magnetic means, or any other means for detecting the presence of the particle in the tube 144 may be used, with the limitation that any electromagnetic radiation used does not induce any reactions in the substances on the particle's surface. After exposure of the individual particle to the RF signal, the particle may be received in one or more vessels for further processing. As illustrated, tube 144 has an exemplary three-way splitter and selection means, shown here in dashed lines as mechanical gates, for directing the particles to the desired destination.

It is understood that the above description of operation and use of the data storage devices, may be adapted for use with devices that contain volatile memories, such as EEPROMs, flash memory and DRAMs.

Other Preferred Memory Devices

In addition to antifuse memory devices, other types of electrically-programmable read-only memories, preferably non-volatile memories, which are known in the art, may be used chips, such as those sold by Actel, Mosaic, Lattice Semiconductor, AVID, Anicare, Destron, Rayethon, Altera, ICT, Xilinix, Intel and Signetics [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,652,528, 5,044,623, 5,099,226, 5,218,343, 5,323,704, 4,333,072, 4,321,069, 4,318,658, 5,121,748, 5,214,409, 5,235,326, 5,257,011 and 5,266,926]. Preprogrammed identification tags, such as those used for tracking objects or animals [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,257,011, 5,235,326, 5,226,926, 5,214,409, 4,333,072, available from AVID, Norco, Calif.; see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,218,189, 5,416,486, 4,952,928, 5,359,250], are also contemplated for use herein. Such tags may be used in embodiments such as those in which tracking of linked molecules is desired. Alternatively, the matrices or strips attached thereto may be encoded with a pre-programmed identifying bar code. Such devices may be used in embodiments in which parameters, such as location in an automated synthesizer, are monitored. The identity of a product or reactant determined by its location or path, which is monitored by reading the chip in each device and storing such information in a remote computer.

Among the particularly preferred devices are the chips [particularly, the IPTT-100, Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.; see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,636, 5,420,579, 5,262,772, 5,252,962 and 5,250,962]. These devices, which are about 8 mm long, include a recording device, an EEPROM, a passive transponder for receiving an input signal and transmitting an output signal in response. The transponder includes a power antenna means [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,250,944 and 5,420,579] for receiving the input signal, frequency generator and modulator means for receiving the input signal the receive antenna means and for generating the output signal. The output signal has a frequency different from the input frequency, outputs the output signal in response the input signal. The input signal having a first frequency, the output signal has a second frequency that is a multiple of the first frequency, and is greater that the first frequency. It also includes a transmitting antenna means for receiving the output signal from the frequency generator and modulator means and that transmit the output signal. Data are stored within the transponder within a reprogrammable memory circuit that is programmed by the user [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,422,636 and EP 0 526 173 A3.]. A transponder scanner for scanning and programming the transponder is also available [Bio Medic Data Systems Inc. DAS-5001 CONSOLE™ System, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,252,962 and 5,262,772].

Optically or magnetically programmed devices In addition to electrically-programmable means for storing information on the matrix particles, optical or magnetic means may be used. One example of an optical storage means is provided in U.S. Pat. No. 5,136,572, issued Aug. 4, 1992, of Bradley, which is incorporated herein by reference. Here, an array of stabilized diode lasers emits fixed wavelengths, each laser emitting light at a different wavelength. Alternatively, a tunable diode laser or a tunable dye laser, each of which is capable of emitting light across a relatively wide band of wavelengths, may be used. The recording medium is photochemically active so that exposure to laser light of the appropriate wavelength will form spectral holes.

As illustrated in FIG. 8, an optical write/read system is configured similar to that of the embodiment of FIG. 7, with a vessel 212 containing a number of the particles which are separated and oriented by passing through a constricted outlet into a write/read path 206 that has an optically-transparent tube [i.e., optically transparent to the required wavelength(s)] with a cross-section which orients the particles as required to expose the memory surface to the laser 200 which is capable of emitting a plurality of discrete, stable wavelengths. Gating and detection similar to that described for the previous embodiment may be used and are not shown. Computer 202 controls the tuning of laser 200 so that it emits light at a unique wavelength to record a data point. Memory within computer 202 stores a record indicating which process step corresponds to which wavelength. For example, for process A, wavelength λ₁, e.g., 630 nm [red], for process C, λ₂, e.g., 550 nm [yellow], and for process E, λ₃, e.g., 480 nm [blue], etc. The recording medium 204 is configured to permit orientation to repeatably expose the recording side of the medium to the laser beam each time it passes through tube 206. One possible configuration, as illustrated here, is a disc.

To write onto the recording medium 204, the laser 200 emits light of the selected wavelength to form a spectral hole in the medium. The light is focussed by lens 208 to illuminate a spot on recording medium 204. The laser power must be sufficient to form the spectral hole. For reading, the same wavelength is selected at a lower power. Only this wavelength will pass through the spectral hole, where it is detected by detector 210, which provides a signal to computer 202 indicative of the recorded wavelength. Because different wavelengths are used, multiple spectral holes can be superimposed so that the recording medium can be very small for purposes of tagging. To provide an analogy to the electrical memory embodiments, each different wavelength of light corresponds to an address, so that each laser writes one bit of data. If a large number of different steps are to performed for which each requires a unique data point, the recording media will need to be sufficiently sensitive, and the lasers well-stabilized, to vary only within a narrow band to assure that each bit recorded in the media is distinguishable. Since only a single bit of information is required to tag the particle at any given step, the creation of a single spectral hole at a specific wavelength is capable of providing all of the information needed. The host computer then makes a record associating the process performed with a particular laser wavelength.

For reading, the same wavelength laser that was used to create the spectral hole will be the only light transmitted through the hole. Since the spectral holes cannot be altered except by a laser having sufficient power to create additional holes, this type of memory is effectively non-volatile. Further, the recording medium itself does not have any operations occurring within its structure, as is the case in electrical memories, so its structure is quite simple. Since the recording medium is photochemically active, it must be well encased within an optically transmissive [to the active optical wavelength(s)], inert material to prevent reaction with the various processing substances while still permitting the laser light to impinge upon the medium. In many cases, the photochemical recording media may be erased by exposure to broad spectrum light, allowing the memory to be reused.

Writing techniques can also include the formation of pits in the medium. To read these pits, the detector 210 with be positioned on the same side of the write/read tube 206 as the laser 200 to detect light reflected back from the medium. Other types of optical data storage and recording media may be used as are known in the art. For example, optical discs, which are typically plastic-encapsulated metals, such as aluminum, may be miniaturized, and written to and read from using conventional optical disc technology. In such a system, the miniature discs must be aligned in a planar fashion to permit writing and reading. A modification of the funnel system, described above, will include a flattened tube to insure the proper orientation. Alternatively, the discs can be magnetically oriented. Other optical recording media that may be appropriate for use in the recording devices and combinations herein include, but are not limited to, magneto-optical materials, which provide the advantage of erasability, photochromic materials, photoferroelectric materials, photoconductive electro-optic materials, all of which utilize polarized light for writing and/or reading, as is known in the art. When using any form of optical recording, however, considerations must be made to insure that the selected wavelength of light will not affect or interfere with reactions of the molecules or biological particles linked to or in proximity to matrix particles.

Three Dimensional Optical Memories

Another device that is suitable for use in the matrix with memory combinations are optical memories that employ rhodopsins, particularly bacteriorhodopsin [BR], or other photochromic substances that change between two light absorbing states in response to light of each of two wavelengths [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,346,789, 5,253,198 and 5,228,001; see, also Birge (1990) Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem 41:683-733]. These substances, particularly BR, exhibit useful photochromic and optoelectrical properties. BR, for example, has extremely large optical nonlinearities, and is capable of producing photoinduced electrical signals whose polarity depends on the prior exposure of the material to light of various wavelengths as well as on the wavelength of the light used to induce the signal. There properties are useful for information storage and computation. Numerous applications of this material have been designed, including its use as an ultrafast photosignal detector, its use for dynamic holographic recording, and its use for data storage, which is of interest herein.

The rhodopsins include the visual rhodopsins, which are responsible for the conversion of light into nerve impulses in the image resolving eyes of mollusks, anthropods, and vertebrates, and also bacteriorhodopsin [BR]. These proteins also include a class of proteins that serve photosynthetic and phototactic functions. The best known BR is the only protein found in nature in a crystalline membrane, called the “purple membrane” of Halobacterium halobium. This membrane converts light into energy via photon-activated transmembrane proton pumping. Upon the absorption of light, the BR molecule undergoes several structural transformations in a well-defined photocycle in which energy is stored in a proton gradient formed upon absorption of light energy. This proton gradient is subsequently utilized to synthesize energy-rich ATP.

The structural changes that occur in the process of light-induced proton pumping of BR are reflected in alterations of the absorption spectra of the molecule. These changes are cyclic, and under usual physiological conditions bring the molecule back to its initial BR state after the absorption of light in about 10 milliseconds. In less than a picosecond after BR absorbs a photon, the BR produces an intermediate, known as the “J” state, which has a red-shifted absorption maximum. This is the only light-driven event in the photocycle; the rest of the steps are thermally driven processes that occur naturally. The first form, or state, following the photon-induced step is called “K”, which represents the first form of light-activated BR that can be stabilized by reducing the temperature to 90° K. This form occurs about 3 picoseconds after the J intermediate at room temperature. Two microseconds later there occurs an “L” intermediate state which is, in turn, followed in 50 microseconds by an “M” intermediate state.

There are two important properties associated with all of the intermediate states of this material. The first is their ability to be photochemically converted back to the basic BR state. Under conditions where a particular intermediate is made stable, illumination with light at a wavelength corresponding to the absorption of the intermediate state in question results in regeneration of the BR state. In addition, the BR state and intermediates exhibit large two-photon absorption processes which can be used to induce interconversions among different states.

The second important property is light-induced vectorial charge transport within the molecule. In an oriented BR film, such a charge transport can be detected as an electric signal. The electrical polarity of the signal depends on the physical orientation of molecules within the material as well as on the photochemical reaction induced. The latter effect is due to the dependence of charge transport direction on which intermediates [including the BR state] are involved in the photochemical reaction of interest. For example, the polarity of an electrical signal associated with one BR photochemical reaction is opposite to that associated with a second BR photochemical reaction. The latter reaction can be induced by light with a wavelength around 412 nm and is completed in 200 ns.

In addition to the large quantum yields and distinct absorptions of BR and M, the BR molecule [and purple membrane] has several intrinsic properties of importance in optics. First, this molecule exhibits a large two-photon absorption cross section. Second, the crystalline nature and adaptation to high salt environments makes the purple membrane very resistant to degeneration by environmental perturbations and thus, unlike other biological materials, it does not require special storage. Dry films of purple membrane have been stored for several years without degradation. Furthermore, the molecule is very resistant to photochemical degradation.

Thus, numerous optical devices, including recording devices have been designed that use BR or other rhodopsin as the recording medium [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,346,789, 5,253,198 and 5,228,001; see, also Birge (1990) Ann. Rev. Phys. Chem 41:683-733]. Such recording devices may be employed in the methods and combinations provided herein.

Reaction-verifying Embodiment

Another embodiment of the combinations herein utilizes a recording device that can detect the occurrence of a reaction and record a such event in the memory. Any of the above devices may be modified to permit such detection. For example, the chip with the antifuse memory array with decoder, rectifier components and RF antenna, can be modified by addition of a photodetector and accompanying amplifier components as shown in FIG. 9. The photodetector will be selected so that it is sensitive to the frequencies of the expected photoemissions from the reactions. To maintain the chip's passive operation, the photodetector circuitry may use voltage supplied by the same RF signal that is used to write other data to memory, so that no detection of photoemission will occur unless RF or other power is applied to provide bias and drain voltage. If an active device is used, the power supplied by the battery can provide operational voltage to the photodetector circuitry, independent of any transmitted signal. The voltage supplied by the photodetector can be used in a number of different ways:

1) The threshold voltage for writing to memory will exceed the voltage supplied by the RF signal, which will still contain the address information. In order to write, additional voltage must be provided by the photodetector so that the sum of the voltages exceeds the threshold. (V_(RF)<V_(T)<V_(RF)+V_(PD)). This permits the RF supplied voltage to go to the correct address, however, no writing will occur unless a photoemission has been detected by the detector. Therefore, there will be no record of exposure to a particular process step unless a sufficient reaction has occurred to generate the required photoemission. Since the address signal can still get to the memory array without the extra voltage, reading of recorded data can be achieved without any special circuitry. If the memory device is an active device, a similar mechanism can be used in which only the sum of the voltages is sufficient to record an occurrence.

2) The threshold voltage for writing to memory will be provided by the RF signal alone, and the RF signal will include address information. (V_(T)<V_(RF)). However, unless voltage from the photodetector is supplied to a “gating” transistor, access to the memory array is prevented so that no writing occurs unless a photoemission is detected. (This embodiment is illustrated.) This will require a special provision for opening the gate during read operations to permit access to the memory array. Since the gating transistor will conduct a signal only in the event of photoemission, this embodiment will work equally well with passive and active memory devices.

3) The RF signal provides sufficient voltage to exceed the threshold voltage. (V_(T)<V_(RF)). Voltage from the photodetector is used to create a write potential difference at an additional address location which is carried in the RF signal. For example, if the RF signal is addressing column 3, row 3, column 32 could be connected only to the photodetector circuit's output so that, when a photoemission occurs, the write signal will create antifuses [or in the case of EEPROM, standard fuses] at addresses 3,3 and 32,3. If no photoemission occurs, only address 3,3 will have an antifuse formed, providing a record of exposure of the matrix to a particular process step even without the occurrence of a detectable reaction. Special provisions, such as software within the host computer in combination with mask-programmed interconnections within the decode circuitry of the memory device, must be made to assure that more than one column in a single row of the array is polled during read operations so that both memory locations are read.

In addition to the above-described methods for recording the occurrence of photo-emitting reactions, the photodetector, while still integrated on the same substrate with the basic memory matrix for recording transmitted signals, can be connected to its own independent memory matrix. In this embodiment, the photodetector's memory matrix can be connected to separate transceiver circuitry with an antenna tuned to a different frequency from that of the basic memory. During the read operation, the memory device will be exposed to two different radiofrequency signals, one for the basic memory, the other for the photodetection circuit memory. If only the photoemission information is required, only the corresponding frequency signal need be provided during the read operation.

Depending on the type of energy release that occurs during a reaction, other types of sensors may be used in addition to photodetectors, many of which may be capable of generating an electrical signal that can be used as described above for the photodetectors. These sensing devices may also be incorporated onto the substrate and electrically connected to the memory device, providing data points within the device's memory under the appropriate write conditions. For example, temperature sensing elements can be made from semiconductor liquid crystal and fluorescent crystals, and addition to conventional thermocouples created by placing two different metals in contact at the detection point. It is also possible to include radiation, pH and pCO₂ sensors in a similar manner, using materials that respond to the detected variables by generating a voltage potential that can be conducted to the memory device and recorded.

C. Preparation of the Combinations

1. Preparation of Matrix-memory Combinations

In preferred embodiments, the recording device is cast in a selected matrix material during manufacture. Alternatively, the devices can be physically inserted into the matrix material, the deformable gel-like materials, or can be placed on the matrix material and attached by a connector, such as a plastic or wax or other such material. Alternatively, the device or device(s) may be included in an inert container in proximity to or in contact with matrix material.

2. Non-linked Matrix-memory Combinations

The recording device with memory can be placed onto the inner surface of a vessel, such as a microtiter plate or vial or tube in which the reaction steps are conducted. Alternatively, the device can be incorporated into the vessel material, such into the a wall of each microtiter well or vial or tube in which the reaction is conducted. As long as the molecules or biological particles remain associated with the well, tube or vial, their identity can be tracked.

In a particularly preferred embodiment, one or more recording devices with memory and matrix particles are sealed in a porous non-reactive material, such as polypropylene or Teflon® net, with a pore size smaller than the particle size of the matrix and the device. Typically one device per about 1 to 50 mg, preferably 5 to 30, more preferably 5 to 20 mg of matrix material and one device is sealed in a porous vessel a microvessel (“micro-can”). The amount of matrix material is a function of the size of the device and the application in which the resulting matrix with memory is used, and, if necessary can be empirically determined. Generally, smaller sizes are desired, and the amount of material will depend upon the size of the selected recording device.

The resulting microvessels are then encoded, reactions, such as synthetic reactions, performed, and read, and if desired used in desired assays or other methods.

3. Preparation of Matrix-memory-molecule or Biological Particle Combinations

In certain embodiments, combinations of matrices with memories and biological particle combinations are prepared. For example, libraries [e.g., bacteria or bacteriophage, or other virus particles or other particles that contain genetic coding information or other information] can be prepared on the matrices with memories, and stored as such for future use or antibodies can be linked to the matrices with memories and stored for future use.

4. Other Variations and Embodiments

The combination of memory with matrix particle may be further linked, such as by welding using a laser or heat, to an inert carrier or other support, such as a Teflon® strip. This strip, which can be of any convenient size, such as 1 to 10 mm by about 10 to 100 μM will render the combination easy to use and manipulate. For example, these memories with strips can be introduced into 10 cm culture dishes and used in immunoassays or they can be used to introduce bacteria or phage into cultures and used in selection assays. The strip may be encoded or impregnated with a bar code to further provide identifying information.

D. The Systems

Systems for recording and reading information are provided. The systems include a host computer or decoder/encoder instrument, a transmitter, a receiver and the data storage device. The systems also can include a funnel-like device or the like for use in separating and/or tagging single memory devices. In practice, an EM signal, preferably a radio frequency signal is transmitted to the data storage device. The antenna or other receiver means in the device detects the signal and transmits it to the memory, whereby the data are written to the memory and stored in a memory location.

As discussed above, mixtures of the matrix with memory-linked molecules or biological particles may be exposed to the EM signal, or each matrix with memory [either before, after or during linkage of the biological particles or molecules] may be individually exposed, using a device, such as that depicted herein, to the EM signal. Each matrix with memory, as discussed below, will be linked to a plurality of molecules or biological particles, which may be identical or substantially identical or a mixture of molecules or biological particles depending, upon the application and protocol in which the matrix with memory and linked [or proximate] molecules or biological particles is used. The memory can be programmed with data regarding such parameters.

The location of the data, which when read and transmitted to the host computer or decoder/encoder instrument, corresponds to identifying information about linked or proximate molecules or biological particles. The host computer or decoder/encoder instrument can either identify the location of the data for interpretation by a human or another computer or the host computer or the decoder/encoder can be programmed with a key to interpret or decode the data and thereby identify the linked molecule or biological particle.

As discussed above, the presently preferred system for use are the IPTT-100 transponders and DAS-5001 CONSOLE™ [Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.; see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,636, 5,420,579, 5,262,772, 5,252,962 and 5,250,962, 5,252,962 and 5,262,772].

E. Applications

The matrices with remotely programmable memory(ies) may be used with any methodology that employs molecules or biological particles linked to or combined with matrices. Examples of such methods include, but are not limited to, methods for synthesis and screening of combinatorial libraries and other libraries, described in the following references: U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,750, 5,395,750, 5,395,587, 5,384,261, 5,359,115, 5,348,867, 5,338,665, 5,316,922, 5,223,409, 5,223,408, 5,382,513, 5,260,203, 5,258,289, 5,270,170, 5,288,514, 4,631,21 1, International Application WO 94/28424, which is based on U.S. application Ser. No. 08/069,352; WO 94/13623, which is based on U.S. application Serial No. 07/988,278; and International Application WO 94/08051, which is based on U.S. application Ser. Nos.08/013,948 and 07/955,371, which describes synthetic schemes for preparing libraries. Such methods also include, cell sorting protocols, enzyme immunoassays, such as ELISAs, which rely on support bound antigens, antibodies or complexes thereof; and assays, such as scintillation proximity, direct fluorescence, FET assays and methods using hybridizations using solid phase-bound nucleic acids. Support-bound molecules and biological particles are often used in methods of affinity purification. There are innumerable protocols that utilize support-bound ligands of any sort, including support-bound antibodies, and support bound nucleic acids.

Thus, there are many applications that rely on combinations of solid phases and molecules or biological particles, and the above listing and following discussion is intended to exemplify, but not limit the methods to which the technology provided herein is applicable.

1. Combinatorial Syntheses

The matrices with memories are linked to molecules and particles that are components of libraries to electronically tagged combinatorial libraries. Particularly preferred libraries are the combinatorial libraries that containing matrices with memories that employ radiofrequencies for reading and writing.

(a) Oligomer and Polypeptide Libraries

(i) Bio-oligomer Libraries

One exemplary method for generating a library [see, U.S. Pat. No. 5,382,513] involves repeating the steps of (1) providing at least two aliquots of a solid phase support; separately introducing a set of subunits to the aliquots of the solid phase support; completely coupling the subunit to substantially all sites of the solid phase support to form a solid phase support/new subunit combination, assessing the completeness of coupling and if necessary, forcing the reaction to completeness; thoroughly mixing the aliquots of solid phase support/new subunit combination; and, after repeating the foregoing steps the desired number of times, removing protecting groups such that the bio-oligomer remains linked to the solid phase support. In one embodiment, the subunit may be an amino acid, and the bio-oligomer may be a peptide. In another embodiment, the subunit may be a nucleoside and the bio-oligomer may be an oligonucleotide. In a further embodiment, the nucleoside is deoxyribonucleic acid; in yet another embodiment, the nucleoside is ribonucleic acid. In a further embodiment, the subunit may be an amino acid, oligosaccharide, oligoglycosides or a nucleoside, and the bio-oligomer may be a peptide-oligonucleotide chimera or other chimera. Each solid phase support is attached to a single bio-oligomer species and all possible combinations of monomer [or multimers in certain embodiments] subunits of which the bio-oligomers are composed are included in the collection.

In practicing this method herein, the support matrix has a recording device with programmable memory, encased, linked or otherwise attached to the matrix material, and at each step in the synthesis the support matrix to which the nascent polymer is attached is programmed to record the identity of the subunit that is added. At the completion of synthesis of each biopolymer, the resulting biopolymers linked to the supports are mixed.

After mixing an acceptor molecule or substrate molecule of interest is added. The acceptor molecule is one that recognizes and binds to one or more solid phase matrices with memory/bio-oligomer species within the mixture or the substrate molecule will undergo a chemical reaction catalyzed by one or more solid phase matrix with memory/bio-oligomer species within the library. The resulting combinations that bind to the acceptor molecule or catalyze reaction are selected. The memory in the matrix-memory combination is read and the identity of the active bio-oligomer species is determined.

(ii) Split Bead Sequential Syntheses

Various schemes for split bead syntheses of polymers [FIG. 1], peptides [FIG. 2], nucleic acids [FIG. 3] and organic molecules based on a pharmacophore monomer [FIG. 4] are provided. Selected matrices with memory particles are placed in a suitable separation system, such as a funnel [see, FIG. 5]. After each synthetic step, each particle is scanned [i.e., read] as it passes the RF transmitter, and information identifying the added component or class of components is stored in memory. For each type of synthesis a code can be programmed [i.e., a 1 at position 1,1 in the memory could, for example, represent alanine at the first position in the peptide]. A host computer or decoder/encoder is programmed to send the appropriate signal to a transmitter that results in the appropriate information stored in the memory [i.e., for alanine as amino acid 1, a 1 stored at position 1,1]. When read, the host computer or decoder/encoder can interpret the signal read from and transmitted from the memory.

In an exemplary embodiment, a selected number of beads [i.e., particulate matrices with memories [matrix particles linked to recording devices], typically at least 10³, more often 10⁴, and desirably at least 10⁵ or more up to and perhaps exceeding 10¹⁵, are selected or prepared. The beads are then divided into groups, depending upon the number of choices for the first component of the molecule. They are divided into a number of containers equal to or less than [for pooled screening, nested libraries or the other such methods] the number of choices. The containers can be microtiter wells, Merrifield synthesis vessels, columns, test tubes, gels, etc. The appropriate reagents and monomer are added to each container and the beads in the first container are scanned with electromagnetic with radiation, preferably high frequency radio waves, to transmit information and encode the memory to identify the first monomer. The beads in the second container are so treated. The beads are then combined and separated according to the combinatorial protocol, and at each stage of added monomer each separate group is labeled by inputting data specific to the monomer. At the end of the synthesis protocol each bead has an oligomer attached and information identifying the oligomer stored in memory in a form that can be retrieved and decoded to reveal the identity of each oligomer.

An 8-member decapeptide library was designed, synthesized, and screened against an antibody specifically generated against one of the library members using the matrices with memories. Rapid and clean encoding and decoding of structural information using radiofrequency signals, coupling of combinatorial chemical synthesis to biological assay protocols, and potential to sense and measure biodata using suitable biosensors, such as a temperature thermistor, embedded within the devices have been demonstrated. The “split and pool” method [see, e.g., Furka et al. (1991) Int. J. Pept. Protein Res. 37:487-493; Lam et al. (1991) Nature 354:82-84; and Sebestyén et al. (1993) Bioorg. Med. Chem. Lett. 3:413-418] was used to generate the library. An ELISA [see e.g., Harlow et al. (1988) Antibodies, a laboratory manual, Cold Spring Harbor, N.Y.] was used to screen the library for the peptide specific for the antibody.

(b) “Nested” Combinatorial Library Protocols

In this type of protocol libraries of sublibraries are screened, and a sublibrary selected for further screening [see, e.g., Zuckermann et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37:2678-2685; and Zuckermann et al. (1992) J. Am. Chem. Soc. 114:10646-10647]. In this method, three sets of monomers were chosen from commercially available monomers, a set of four aromatic hydrophobic monomers, a set of three hydroxylic monomers, a set of seventeen diverse monomers, and three N-termini were selected. The selection was based on an analysis of the target receptor and known ligands. A library containing eighteen mixtures, generated from the six permutations of the three monomer sets, times three N-termini was prepared. Each mixture of all combinations of the three sets of amines, four sets of hydrophobic monomers and seventeen diverse monomers was then assayed. The most potent mixture was selected for deconvolution by synthesis of pools of combinatorial mixtures of the components of the selected pool. This process was repeated, until individual compounds were selected.

Tagging the mixtures with the matrices with memories will greatly simplify the above protocol. Instead of screening each mixture separately, each matrix particle with memory will be prepared with sets of the compounds, analogous to the mixtures of compounds. The resulting matrix particles with memories and linked compounds can be combined and then assayed. As with any of the methods provided herein, the linked compounds [molecules or biological particles] can be cleaved from the matrix with memory prior to assaying or anytime thereafter, as long as the cleaved molecules remain in proximity to the device or in some manner can be identified as the molecules or particles that were linked to the device. The matrix particle(s) with memories that exhibit the highest affinity [bind the greatest amount of sample at equilibrium] are selected and identified by querying the memory to identify the group of compounds. This group of compounds is then deconvoluted and further screened by repeating this process, on or off the matrices with memories, until high affinity compounds are selected.

2. Multianalyte Immunoassays and Receptor Binding Assays

The combinations of matrix with memories provided herein permits the simultaneous assay of large numbers of analytes in any format. In general, the sample that contains an analyte, such as a ligand or any substance of interest, to be detected or quantitated, is incubated with and bound to a protein, such as receptor or antibody, or nucleic acid or other molecule to which the analyte of interest binds. In one embodiment, the protein or nucleic acid or other molecule to which the analyte of interest binds has been linked to a matrix with memory prior to incubation; in another embodiment, complex of analyte or ligand and protein, nucleic acid or other molecule to which the analyte of interest binds is linked to the matrix with memory after the incubation; and in a third embodiment, incubation to form complexes and attachment of the complexes to the matrix with memory are simultaneous. In any embodiment, attachment is effected, for example, by direct covalent attachment, by kinetically inert attachment, by noncovalent linkage, or by indirect linkage, such as through a second binding reaction [i.e., biotin-avidin, Protein A-antibody, antibody-hapten, hybridization to form nucleic acid duplexes of oligonucleotides, and other such reactions and interactions]. The complexes are detected and quantitated on the solid phase by virtue of a label, such as radiolabel, fluorescent label, luminophore label, enzyme label or any other such label. The information that is encoded in the matrix with memory depends upon the selected embodiment. If, for example, the target molecule, such as the protein or receptor is bound to the solid phase, prior to complexation, the identity of the receptor and/or source of the receptor may be encoded in the memory in the matrix.

For example, the combinations provided herein are particularly suitable for analyses of multianalytes in a fluid, and particularly for multianalyte immunoassays. In one example, monoclonal antibodies very specific for carcinoembryonic antigen [CEA], prostate specific antigen [PSA], CA-125, alphafetoprotein [AFP], TGF-β, IL-2, IL-8 and IL-10 are each covalently attached to a different batch of matrices with memories using well-established procedures and matrices for solid phase antibody assays. Each antibody-matrix with memory complex is given a specific identification tag, as described herein.

A sample of serum from a patient to be screened for the presence or concentration of these antigens is added to a tube containing two of each antibody-matrix with memory complex [a total of 16 beads, or duplicates of each kind of bead]. A mixture of monoclonal antibodies, previously conjugated to fluorescent dyes, such as fluorescein or phenyl-EDTA-Eu chelate, reactive with different epitopes on each of the antigens is then added. The tubes are then sealed and the contents are mixed for sufficient time [typically one hour] to allow any antigens present to bind to their specific antibody-matrix with memory-antigen complex to produce antibody-matrix with memory-antigen-labeled antibody complexes. At the end of the time period, these resulting complexes are briefly rinsed and passed through an apparatus, such as that set forth in FIG. 7, but with an additional light source. As each complex passes through a light source, such as a laser emitting at the excitation wavelength of fluorescein, about 494 nm, or 340 nm for the Eu chelate complex, its fluorescence is measured and quantitated by reading the emitted photons at about 518 nm for fluorescein or 613 nm for phenyl-EDTA-Eu, and as its identity is determined by the specific signal received by the RF detector. In this manner, eight different antigens are simultaneously detected and quantitated in duplicate.

In another embodiment, the electromagnetically tagged matrices with recorded information regarding linked antibodies can be used with other multianalyte assays, such as those described by Ekins et al. [(1990) J. Clin. Immunoassay 13:169-181; see, also International PCT Applications Nos. 89/01157 and 93/08472, and U.S. Pat. Nos. 4,745,072, 5,171,695 and 5,304,498]. These methods rely on the use of small concentrations of sensor-antibodies within a few μm² area. Individual memories with matrices, or an array of memories embedded in a matrix are used. Different antibodies are linked to each memory, which is programmed to record the identity of the linked antibody. Alternatively, the antibody can be linked, and its identity or binding sites identified, and the information recorded in the memory.

In particular antibodies are linked to the matrices with memories. The matrices are either in particular form or in the form of a slab with an array of recording devices linked to the matrices or microtiter dish or the like with a recording device in each well. Antibodies are then linked either to each matrix particle or to discrete “microspots” on the slab or in the microtiter wells. In one application, prior to use of these matrices with memories, they are bound to a relatively low affinity anti-idiotype antibody [or other species that specifically recognizes the antibody binding site, such as a single chain antibody or peptidomimetic] labeled with a fluorophore [e.g., Texas Red, see, Ekins et al. (1990) J. Clin. Immunoassay 13:169-181] to measure the concentration of and number of available binding sites present on each matrix with memory particle or each microspot, which information is then encoded into each memory for each microspot or each particle. These low affinity antibodies are then eluted, and the matrices can be dried and stored until used. Alternatively or additionally, the memories in the particles or at each microspot could be programmed with the identity or specificity of the linked antibody, so that after reaction with the test sample and identification of complexed antibodies, the presence and concentration of particular analytes in the sample can be determined. They can be used for multianalyte analyses as described above.

After reaction with the test sample, the matrices with memories are reacted with a second antibody, preferably, although not necessarily, labeled with a different label, such as a different fluorophore, such as fluorescein. After this incubation, the microspots or each matrix particle is read by passing the particle through a laser scanner [such as a confocal microscope, see, e.g., Ekins et al. (1990) J. Clin. Immunoassay 13:169-181; see also U.S. Pat. No. 5,342,633] to determine the fluorescence intensity. The memories at each spot or linked to each particle are queried to determine the total number of available binding sites, thereby permitting calculation of the ratio of occupied to unoccupied binding sites.

Equilibrium dialysis and modifications thereof has been used to study the interaction of antibody or receptor or other protein or nucleic acid with low molecular weight dialyzable molecules that bind to the antibody or receptor or other protein or nucleic acid. For applications herein, the antibody, receptor, protein or nucleic acid is linked to solid support (matrix with memory) and is incubated with the dialyzable ligand.

In particular, this method may be used for analysis of multiple binding agents [receptors], linked to matrices with memories, that compete for available ligand, which is present in limiting concentration. After reaction, the matrices with memories linked to the binding agents [receptors] with the greatest amount of bound ligand, are the binding agents [receptors] that have the greatest affinity for the ligand.

The use of matrices with memories also permits simultaneous determination of K_(a) values of multiple binding agents [receptors] or have multiple ligands. For example, a low concentration of labeled ligand mixed with a batch of different antibodies bound to matrices with memories. The mixture is flowed through a reader [i.e., a Coulter counter or other such instrument that reads RF and the label] could simultaneously measure the ligand [by virtue of the label] and identity of each linked binding agent [or linked ligand] as the chip is read. After the reaction equilibrium [determined by monitoring progress of the reaction] labeled ligand is added and the process of reading label and the chips repeated. This process is repeated until all binding sites on the binding agent [or ligand] approach saturation, thereby permitting calculation of K_(a) values and binding sites that were available.

3. Phage Display

Phage, viruses, bacteria and other such manipulable hosts and vectors [referred to as biological particles] can be modified to express selected antigens [peptides or polypeptides] on their surfaces by, for example, inserting DNA encoding the antigen into the host or vector genome, at a site such as in the DNA encoding the coat protein, such that upon expression the antigen [peptide or polypeptide] is presented on the surface of the virus, phage or bacterial host. Libraries of such particles that express diverse or families of proteins on their surfaces have been prepared. The resulting library is then screened with a targeted antigen [receptor or ligand] and those viruses with the highest affinity for the targeted antigen [receptor or ligand] are selected [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,403,484, 5,395,750, 5,382,513, 5,316,922, 5,288,622, 5,223,409, 5,223,408 and 5,348,867].

Libraries of antibodies expressed on the surfaces of such packages have been prepared from spleens of immunized and unimmunized animals and from humans. In the embodiment in which a library of phage displaying antibodies from unimmunized human spleens is prepared, it is often of interest to screen this library against a large number of different antigens to identify a number of useful human antibodies for medical applications. Phage displaying antibody binding sites derived from single or small numbers of spleen cells can be separately produced, expanded into large batches, and bound to matrices with memories, such as programmable PROM or EEPROM memories, and identified according to phage batch number recorded in the memory. Each antigen can then be exposed to a large number of different phage-containing memory devices, and those that bind the antigen can be identified by one of several means, including radiolabeled, fluorescent labeled, enzyme labeled or alternate (e.g., mouse) tagged antibody labeled antigen. The encoded information in the thus identified phage-containing devices, relates to the batch of phage reactive with the antigen.

Libraries can also be prepared that contain modified binding sites or synthetic antibodies. DNA molecules, each encoding proteins containing a family of similar potential binding domains and a structural signal calling for the display of the protein on the outer surface of a selected viral or bacterial or other package, such as a bacterial cell, bacterial spore, phage, or virus are introduced into the bacterial host, virus or phage. The protein is expressed and the potential binding domain is displayed on the outer surface of the particle. The cells or viruses bearing the binding domains to which target molecules bind are isolated and amplified, and then are characterized. In one embodiment, one or more of these successful binding domains is used as a model for the design of a new family of potential binding domains, and the process is repeated until a novel binding domain having a desired affinity for the target molecule is obtained. For example, libraries of de novo synthesized synthetic antibody library containing antibody fragments expressed on the surface have been prepared. DNA encoding synthetic antibodies, which have the structure of antibodies, specifically Fab or Fv fragments, and contain randomized binding sequences that may correspond in length to hypervariable regions [CDRs] can be inserted into such vectors and screened with an antigen of choice.

Synthetic binding site libraries can be manipulated and modified for use in combinatorial type approaches in which the heavy and light chain variable regions are shuffled and exchanged between synthetic antibodies in order to affect specificities and affinities. This enables the production of antibodies that bind to a selected antigen with a selected affinity. The approach of constructing synthetic single chain antibodies is directly applicable to constructing synthetic Fab fragments which can also be easily displayed and screened. The diversity of the synthetic antibody libraries can be increased by altering the chain lengths of the CDRs and also by incorporating changes in the framework regions that may affect antibody affinity. In addition, alternative libraries can be generated with varying degrees of randomness or diversity by limiting the amount of degeneracy at certain positions within the CDRs. The synthetic binding site can be modified further by varying the chain lengths of the CDRs and adjusting amino acids at defined positions in the CDRs or the framework region which may affect affinities. Antibodies identified from the synthetic antibody library can easily be manipulated to adjust their affinity and or effector functions. In addition, the synthetic antibody library is amenable to use in other combinatorial type approaches. Also, nucleic acid amplification techniques have made it possible to engineer humanized antibodies and to clone the immunoglobulin [antibody] repertoire of an immunized mouse from spleen cells into phage expression vectors and identify expressed antibody fragments specific to the antigen used for immunization [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,395,750].

The phage or other particles, containing libraries of modified binding sites, can be prepared in batches and linked to matrices that identify the DNA that has been inserted into the phage. The matrices are then mixed and screened with labeled antigen [e.g., fluorescent or enzymatic] or hapten, using an assay carried out with limiting quantities of the antigen, thereby selecting for higher affinity phage. Thus, libraries of phage linked to matrix particles with memories can be prepared. The matrices are encoded to identify the batch number of the phage, a sublibrary, or to identify a unique sequence of nucleotides or amino acids in the antibody or antibody fragment expressed on its surface. The library is then screened with labeled antigens. The antigens are labeled with enzyme labels or radiolabels or with the antigen bound with a second binding reagent, such as a second antibody specific for a second epitope to which a fluorescent antigen binds.

Following identification of antigen bound phage, the matrix particle can be queried and the identity of the phage or expressed surface protein or peptide determined. The resulting information represents a profile of the sequence that binds to the antigen. This information can be analyzed using methods known to those of skill in this art.

4. Selection of Antibodies and Other Screening Methods

In hybridoma preparation and selection, fused cells are plated into, for example, microtiter wells with the matrices with memory-tagged antibody binding reagent [such as protein A]. The solid phase is removed, pooled and processed batchwise to identify the cells that produce antibodies that are the greatest binders [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,324,633 for methods and device for measuring the binding affinity of a receptor to a ligand; or the above method by which phage libraries are screened for highest K_(A) phage, i.e., limiting labeled antigen].

After cloning and plating of cells [fusion cells] that secrete antibodies “panning” for the desired monoclonal or polyclonal among a vast mixture of antibodies is a time consuming and laborious process. Attaching antibody-binding epitopes to the matrix particle with memory and “panning” with a vast number of matrix particles with memories linked to amino acids forming different epitopes or to phage particles expressing different epitopes would greatly facilitate the isolation of desired clones. After screening with the mixture of epitopes, the specificity of the selected antibodies could be determined by querying each memory.

5. Hybridization Assays

Mixtures nucleic acid probes linked to the matrices with memories can be used for screening in assays that heretofore had to be done with one probe at a time or with mixtures of probes followed by sequencing the hybridizing probes. There are numerous examples of such assays [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,292,874, “Nucleic acid probes to Staphylococcus aureus” to Milliman, and U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,831, “Nucleic acid probes to Streptococcus pyogenes” to Milliman, et al.; see, also, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,216,143, 5,284,747 5,352,579 and 5,374,718]. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,232,831 provides probes for the detection of particular Streptococcus species from among related species and methods using the probes. These probes are based on regions of Streptococcus rRNA that are not conserved among related Streptococcus species. Particular species are identified by hybridizing with mixtures of probes and ascertaining which probe(s) hybridize. By virtue of the instant matrices with memories, following hybridization, the identity of the hybridizing probes can be determined by querying the memories, and thereby identifying the hybridizing probe.

6. Nucleic Acid Sequencing

Methods of DNA sequencing based on hybridization of DNA fragments with a complete set of fixed length oligonucleotides [8-mers] that are immobilized individually as dots in a 2-dimensional matrix is sufficient for computer-assisted reconstruction of the sequences of fragments up to 200 bases long [International PCT Application WO 92/10588]. The nucleic acid probes are of a length shorter than a target, which is hybridized to the probes under conditions such that only those probes having an exact complementary sequence are hybridized maximally, but those with mismatches in specific locations hybridize with a reduced affinity, as can be determined by conditions necessary to dissociate the pairs of hybrids. Alignment of overlapping sequences from the hybridizing probes reconstructs the complement of the target [see, EP 0 535 242 A1, International PCT Application WO 95/00530, and Khrapko et al. (1989) FEBS Lttrs. 256:118-122]. The target fragment with the sequence of interest is hybridized, generally under highly stringent conditions that tolerate no mismatches or as described below a selected number of mismatches, with mixtures of oligonucleotides [typically a mixture of octomers of all possible sequences] that are each immobilized on a matrix with memory that is encoded with the sequence of the probe. Upon hybridization, hybridizing probes are identified by routine methods, such as OD or using labeled probe, and the sequences of the hybridizing probes can be determined by retrieving the sequences from the linked memories. When hybridization is carried out under conditions in which no mismatches are tolerated, the sequence of the target can then be determined by aligning overlapping sequences of the hybridizing probes.

Previous methods used to accomplish this process have incorporated microscopic arrays of nucleotide oligomers synthesized on small silicon based chips. It is difficult to synthesize such arrays and quality control the large number of spots on each chip (about 64,000 spots for 8-mer oligonucleotides, that number necessary to accomplish sequencing by hybridization). In the present method, each oligomer is independently synthesized on a batch of individual chips, those chips are tested for accuracy and purity of their respective oligomers, then one chip from each batch is added to a large pool containing oligomers having all possible sequences. After hybridization in batch mode with the gene segment to be sequenced, usually amplified by a method such as PCR, using appropriate primers, and labeled with a detectable [such as fluorescent] tag, the chips can be passed through a detector, such as described above for processing multiplexed immunoassays, and the degree of binding to each oligomer can be determined. After exposing the batch to varying degrees of dissociating conditions, the devices can again be assayed for degree of binding, and the strength of binding to related sequences will relate the sequence of the gene segment [see, e.g., International PCT Application WO 95/00530].

7. Natural Product Screening

In the past, the vast majority of mainline pharmaceuticals have been isolated form natural products such as plants, bacteria, fungus, and marine microorganisms. Some of these compounds include enzymes [e.g., hyaluronidase], industrial chemicals [e.g., petroleum emulsifying agents], and antibiotics [e.g., penicillin]. It is generally considered that a wealth of new agents still exist within the natural products pool. Large mixtures of natural products, even within a fermentation broth, can be screened using the matrices with memory combinations linked, for example, to peptides, such as antigens or antibody fragments or receptors, of selected and known sequences or specificities, or to other biologically active compounds, such as neurotransmitters, cell surface receptors, enzymes, or any other identified biological target of interest. Mixtures of these peptides linked to memory matrices can be introduced into the natural product mixture. Individual binding matrices, detected by an indicator, such as a fluorometric dye, can be isolated and the memory queried to determine which linked molecule or biological particle is bound to a natural product.

8. Separations, Physical Mapping and Measurements of Kinetics of Binding and Binding Affinities

Multiple blots [i.e., Western, Northern, Southern and/or dot blots] may be simultaneously reacted and processed. Each memory, in the form of a rectangle or other suitable, is linked or coated on one surface with material, such as nitrocellulose, to which or the analyte of interest binds or with which it reacts. The chips are arranged in an array, such as in strips that can be formed into rectangles or suitable other shapes, circles, or in other geometries, and the respective x-y coordinate or other position-identifying coordinate(s), and, if needed, sheet number and/or other identifying information, is programmed into each memory. Alternatively, they may be programmed with this identification, then positioned robotically or manually into an array configuration. They are preferably linked together, such as by reversible glue, or placing them in agarose, or by any suitable method as long as the reactive surface is not disturbed. Following transfer of the material, such as transfer of protein from a Western Blot, or nucleic acid from a Southern or Northern blot, the memories are separated and mixed for reaction with a traditionally labeled, such as a fluorescent label, detection nucleic acid, protein, antibody or receptor of interest. Complexes are identified, and their origin in the blot determined by retrieving the stored information in each chip. Quantitation may also be effected based on the amount of label bound.

In other embodiments, the transfer medium [i.e., the nitrocellulose or other such medium] may be part of the surface of the chip or array of chips that can bind to the separated species subsequent to separation. For example, the separation system, such as the agarose or polyacrylamide gel, can be included on the surface(s) of the matrix with memories in the array. After separation the surface will be activated with a photactivatable linker or suitable activating agent to thereby covalently linked, such as by a photoflash, the separated molecules to the matrices in the array.

Such support bound analytes may also be used to analyze the kinetics of binding by continuously passing the supports through a label reading device during the reaction, and identify the labeled complexes. The binding agents can be eluted, either in a kinetically readable manner or in batch. In addition, since the recording devices may also include components that record reaction conditions, such as temperature and pH, kinetics, which are temperature and pH dependent, may be accurately calculated.

After elution, the support bound analytes may be identified to analyze kinetics of binding to the binding agent. Such binding and elution protocols may also be adapted to affinity purification methodologies. 9. Cell Sorting

The devices herein may also be used in methods of cell sorting. For example, the memory with matrix combinations are linked to selected antigens, information regarding the antigens is encoded into the memories, the resulting combinations are used in multi-analyte analyses of cells.

It is possible to identify a profile of cells exhibiting different surface markers [antigens, for example, or other ligands or receptor molecules] by using combinations of labeled and matrix memory-bound binding agents. In one embodiment, each agent, such as an antibody, capable of binding specifically to one of many different surface markers is bound to a different matrix with a memory. The nature of the recognized marker is recorded in the memory of each matrix-binding agent complex, and the mixture of binding-agent-matrix memory complexes is reacted with a mixture of cells. The cell-matrix complexes that result from binding agents attaching cells to the surfaces of the respective matrices are then reacted with a labeled [for example, fluorescent] reagent or mixture of reagents which also reacts with the cells. These labeled reagents can be the same or different from those coupled to the memory matrices. When the matrices are passed through a reader [to read the label and the memory], those that have bound cells can be identified and if necessary isolated. This application is particularly useful for screening for rare cells, for example stem cells in a bone marrow or peripheral lymphocyte sample, for detecting tumor cells in a bone marrow sample to be used for autologous transplantation, or for fetal cells in a maternal circulation.

In these embodiments, the memory with matrices herein can be counted and read with instruments, such as a Coulter counter, that are designed to count cells or particles. In using a Coulter Counter, a suspension of cells or particles is sucked through a minute hole in a glass tube. One electrode is placed within the tube and another is outside of the tube in the suspension. The passage of a particle through the hole temporarily interrupts the current; the number of interruptions is determined by a conventional scaling unit.

For use herein, such instruments are modified by including an RF reader [or other reader if another frequency or memory means is selected] so that the identity of the particle or cell [or antigen on the cell or other encoded information] can be determined as the particle or cell passes through the hole and interrupts the current. As the particle passes through the hole the RF reader will read the memory in the matrix that is linked to the particle. The particles also may be counted concurrently with the determination of the identity of the particle. Among the applications of this device and method, is a means to sort multiple types of cells at once.

10. Drug Delivery and Detecting Changes in Internal Conditions in the Body

Memories may also be combined with biocompatible supports and polymers that are used internally in the bodies of animals, such as drug delivery devices [see, eg., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,447,533, 5,443,953, 5,383,873, 5,366,733, 5,324,324, 5,236,355, 5,114,719, 4,786,277, 4,779,806, 4,705,503, 4,702,732, 4,657,543, 4,542,025, 4,530,840, 4,450,150 and 4,351,337] or other biocompatible support [see, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,217,743 and 4,973,493, which provide methods for enhancing the biocompatibility of matrix polymers]. Such biocompatible polymers include matrices of poly(ethylene-co-vinyl acetate) and matrices of a polyanhydride copolymer of a stearic acid dimer and sebacic acid [see, e.g., Sherwood et al. (1992) Bio/Technology 10:1446-1449].

The biocompatible drug delivery device in combination with the memory is introduced into the body. The device, generally by virtue of combination with a biosensor or other sensor, also monitors pH, temperature, electrolyte concentrations and other such physiological parameters and in response to preprogrammed changes, directs the drug delivery device to release or not release drugs or can be queried, whereby the change is detected and drug delivered or administered.

Alternatively, the device provided in combination with a biocompatible support and biosensor, such that the information determined by the biosensor can be stored in the device memory. The combination of device and biosensor is introduced into the body and is used to monitor internal conditions, such as glucose level, which level is written to memory. The internal condition, such as glucose level, electrolytes, particularly potassium, pH, hormone levels, and other such level, can then be determined by querying the device.

In its simplest embodiment, the device, preferably one containing a non-volatile memory that is read to and written using RF, linked to a biosensor [see, e.g., U.S. Pat. No. 5,384,028 which provides a biosensor with a data memory that stores data] that can detect a change in an internal condition, such as glucose or electrolyte, and store or report that change via RF to the linked matrix with memory, which records such change as a data point in the memory, which can then be queried. The animal is then scanned with RF and the presence of the data point is indicative of a change. Thus, instead of sampling the body fluid, the memory with matrix with linked biosensor is introduced into a site in the body, and can be queried externally.

The following examples are included for illustrative purposes only and are not intended to limit the scope of the invention.

EXAMPLE 1

Formulation of a Polystyrene Polymer on Glass and Derivatization of Polystyrene

A glass surface of any conformation [beads for exemplification purposes (1)] that contain a selected memory device that coat the device or that can be used in proximity to the device or subsequently linked to the device is coated with a layer of polystyrene that is derivatized so that it contains a cleavable linker, such as an acid cleavable linker. To effect such coating a bead, for example, is coated with a layer of a solution of styrene, chloromethylated styrene, divinyl benzene, benzoyl peroxide [88/10/1/1/, molar ratio] and heated at 70° C. for 24 h. The result is a cross-linked chloromethylated polystyrene on glass (2). Treatment of (2) with ammonia [2 M in 1,4-dioxane, overnight] produces aminomethylated coated beads (3). The amino group on (3) is coupled with polyethylene glycol dicarboxymethyl ether (4) [n≈20] under standard conditions [PyBop/DIEA] to yield carboxylic acid derivatized beads (5). Coupling of (5) with modified PAL [PAL is pyridylalanine] linker (6) under the same conditions produces a bead that is coated with polystyrene that has an acid cleavable linker (7).

The resulting coated beads with memories are then used as solid support for molecular syntheses or for linkage of any desired substrate.

EXAMPLE 2

Construction of a Matrix with Memory

A matrix with memory was constructed from (a) and (b) as follows:

(a) A small (8×1×1 mm) semiconductor memory device [the IPTT-100 purchased from Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.; see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,636, 5,420,579, 5,262,772, 5,252,962, 5,250,962, 5,074,318, and RE 34,936].

The memory device is a transponder [IPTT-100, Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.] that includes a remotely addressable memory [EEPROM]. The transponder receives, stores and emits radiofrequency signals of different frequencies so that it can be remotely programmed with information regarding synthetic steps and the constituents of linked or proximate molecules or biological particles.

These devices are designed to operate without a battery, relying on the energy generated by the radiofrequency pulses used in the encoding process. Also, it is important to note that additional sensors such as temperature [as in this case], pH, or concentration measuring devices can be installed. The resulting combinations are capable of withstanding most reagents and conditions used in synthetic organic chemistry, including temperatures from −78 to 150° C.

The transponder was encoded and read with a device that emits and reads RF frequencies [Bio Medic Data Systems Inc. DAS-5001 CONSOLE™ System, see, also U.S. Pat. No. 5,252,962].

These memory devices include EEPROM (Electrical, Erasable, Programmable, Read-Only Memory) “flash” unit and a temperature sensing device able to accept or emit information at any time. At each step of the combinatorial “split and pool” sequence, encoding information is sent from a distance in the form of radiofrequency pulses at 145 kHz and stored until decoding is needed. When needed the radiofrequency signals are retrieved using a specially assembled apparatus capable of reading the radiofrequency code from a distance [DAS-5001 CONSOLE™ from Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.; see, e9., U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,422,636, 5,420,579, 5,262,772, 5,252,962 and 5,250,962, 5,252,962 and 5,262,772].

(b) TentaGel™ polymer beads carrying an acid-cleavable linker [TentaGEI S Am cat # S30 022, RAPP Polymer, Tubingen, Germany].

(c) A chemically inert surrounding porous support [polypropylene AA, SPECTRUM, Houston, Tex.].

One transponder and about 20 mg of the derivatized TentaGel™ beads were sealed in a small [of a size just sufficient to hold the beads and transponder] porous polypropylene microvessel [“micro-can”].

EXAMPLE 3

Preparation of a Library and Encoding the Matrices with Memories

A pool of the matrices with memories prepared as in EXAMPLE 2 was split into two equal groups. Each group was then addressed and write-encoded with a unique radiofrequency signal corresponding to the building block, in this instance an amino acid, to be added to that group.

The matrices with memories were then pooled, and common reactions and manipulations such as washing and drying, were performed. The pool was then re-split and each group was encoded with a second set of radiofrequency signals corresponding to the next set of building blocks to be introduced, and the reactions were performed accordingly. This process was repeated until the synthesis was completed. The semiconductor devices also recorded temperature and can be modified to record other reaction conditions and parameters for each synthetic step for storage and future retrieval.

Ninety-six matrices with memories were used to construct a 24-member peptide library using a 3×2×2×2 “split and pool” strategy. The reactions, standard Fmoc peptide syntheses [see, e.g., Barany et al. (1987) Int. J. Peptide Protein Res. 30:705-739] were carried out separately with each group. All reactions were performed at ambient temperature; fmoc deprotection steps were run for 0.5 h; coupling steps were run for 1 h; and cleavage for 2 h. This number was selected to ensure the statistical formation of a 24-member library [see, Burgess et al. (1994) J. Med. Chem. 37:2985].

Each matrix with memory in the 96-member pool was decoded using a specifically designed radiofrequency memory retrieving device [Bio Medic Data Systems Inc. DAS-5001 CONSOLE™ System, see, also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,252,962 and 5,262,772] the identity of the peptide on each matrix with memory [Table 2]. The structural identity of each peptide was confirmed by mass spectrometry and ¹H NMR spectroscopy. The content of peptide in each crude sample was determined by HPLC to be higher than 90% prior to any purification and could be increased further by standard chromatographic techniques.

TABLE 2 Radiofrequency Encoded Combinatorial 24-member peptide library # of Entry RF matrices with Mass (SEQ ID) code Peptide memories^(a,b) (Actual)^(e) 1 LAGD Leu-Ala-Gly-Asp 3 372 (372.2) 2 LEGD Leu-Glu-Gly-Asp 4 432 (432.2) 3 SAGD Ser-Ala-Gly-Asp 5 348 (348.1) 4 SEGD Ser-Glu-Gly-Asp 5 406 (406.1) 5 LAVD Leu-Ala-Val-Asp 4 416 (416.2) 6 LEVD Leu-Glu-Val-Asp 6 474 (474.2) 7 SAVD Ser-Ala-Val-Asp 2 390 (390.2) 8 SEVD Ser-Glu-Val-Asp 3 446 (446.2) 9 LAGF Leu-Ala-Gly-Phe 5 406 (406.2) 10 LEGF Leu-Glu-Gly-Phe 5 464 (464.2) 11 SAGF Ser-Ala-Gly-Phe 5 380 (380.2) 12 SEGF Ser-Glu-Gly-Phe 6 438 (438.2) 13 LAVF Leu-Ala-Val-Phe 6 448 (448.3) 14 LEVF Leu-Glu-Val-Phe 2 xxx 15 SAVF Ser-Ala-Val-Phe 2 xxx 16 SEVF Ser-Glu-Val-Phe 1 480 (480.2) 17 LAGK Leu-Ala-Gly-Lys 2 387 (387.3) 18 LEGK Leu-Glu-Gly-Lys 1 445 (445.3) 19 SAGK Ser-Ala-Gly-Lys 4 361 (361.2) 20 SEGK Ser-Glu-Gly-Lys 3 419 (419.2) 21 LAVK Leu-Ala-Val-Lys 4 429 (429.3) 22 LEVK Leu-Glu-Val-Lys 6 487 (487.3) 23 SAVK Ser-Ala-Val-Lys 6 403 (403.3) 24 SEVK Ser-Glu-Val-Lys 6 461 (461.3) ^(a)This is the number of packets of each matrix with memory containing the same peptide. ^(b)The ambient temperature was recorded by the sensor device of the chip in the matrices with memories at various points during the synthetic pathway. ^(c)Mass refers to (M + H) except entry 1 and 8 which refer to (M − H). Since each peptide has a unique mass, the mass spectrum confirms its structure. ^(d)HPLC conditions: Shimadzu SCL 10A with a MICROSORB-MV™ C-18 column (5 μM, 100 Å; isocratic elution with acetonitrile/water.

EXAMPLE 4

Synthesis of a Decapeptide Library Materials and Methods

(1) A memory device [IPTT-100, Bio Medic Data Systems, Inc., Maywood, N.J.], which is 8×1×1 mm, and TentaGel® beads (20 mg) were encapsulated using a porous membrane wall and sealed (final size≈10×2×2 mm) as described in Example 2. In particular, each memory with matrix microvessel 20 mg of TentaGel resin carrying the acid-cleavable linker PAL.

(2) Solvents and reagents [DMF, DCM, MeOH, Fmoc-amino acids, PyBOP, HATU, DIEA, and other reagents] were used as received. Mass spectra were recorded on an API I Perkin Elmer SCIEX Mass Spectrometer employing electrospray sample introduction. HPLC was performed with a Shimadzu SCI 10A with an AXXiOM C-18 column [5 μm, 100 Å; gradient: 0-20 min, 25-100% acetonitrile/water (0.1 % TFA]. UV spectra were recorded on a Shimadzu UV-1601 instrument. Peptide sequencing was performed using a Beckman model 6300 amino acid analyzer. Chemicals, solvents and reagents were obtained from the following companies: amino acid derivatives (CalBiochem); solvents (VWR; reagents (Aldrich-Sigma).

(3) General Procedure for Fmoc-amino Acid Coupling

The matrix with memory microvessels were placed in a flat-bottomed flask. Enough DMF [v_(r) ml, 0.75 ml per microvessel] was added to completely cover all the matrix with memory microvessels. Fmoc-amino acid, EDIA, and PyBOP [or HATU for the hindered amino acids Pro and Ile] were added sequentially with final concentrations of 0.1, 0.2, and 0.1 M, respectively. The flask was sealed and shaken gently at ambient temperature for 1 h. The solution was removed and the matrix with memory microvessels were washed with DMF [4×v_(r)], and re-subjected to the same coupling conditions with half the amount of reagents. They ere finally washed with DMF [4×v_(r)], MeOH [4×v₄], DCM [4×v ₄], and dried under vacuum at ambient temperature.

(4) Fmoc-deprotection

The matrix with memory microvessels were placed in a flat bottomed flash. Enough 20% piperidine solution in DMF [v_(r) ml, 0.75 ml/matrix with memory microvessel] was added to completely cover the microvessels. The flask was sealed and gently shaken at ambient temperature for 30 min. Aliquots were removed and the UV absorption of the solution was measured at 302 nm to determine the Fmoc number. The matrix with memory microvessels were then washed with DMF [6×v_(r)] and DCM [6×v_(r)] and dried under vacuum at ambient temperature.

(5) Procedure for Peptide Cleavage from Solid Support

The TentaGel® beads [20-120 mg] from each matrix with memory microvessel were treated with 1 ml of TFA cleavage mixture [EDT:thioanisole;H₂O:PhOH:TFA, 1.5:3:3:4.5:88, w/w] at ambient temperature for 1.5 hours. The resin beads were removed by filtration through a glass-wool plug, the solution was concentrated, diluted with water [2 ml], extracted with diethyl ether [8×2 ml], and lyophilized to yield the peptide as a white powder [4-20 mg].

(6) Preparation of Polyclonal Antibodies

The peptide (SEQUENCE ID No. 25) with a cysteine at the N-terminus, was synthesized by standard solid phase methods using an automated Applied Biosystems 430A peptide synthesizer [see, Sakakibara (1971) Chemistry and Biochemistry of Amino Acids, Peptides and Proteins, Weinstein, ed, Vol. 1, Marcel Dekker, NY, pp. 51-85]. The synthetic peptide was conjugated to keyhole limpet hemocyanin using maleimidohexanoyl-N-hydroxysuccinimide as a cross-linking agent [see, Ishikawa et al. (1983) J. Immunoassay 4:209-237]. Rabbits were injected at multiple dorsal intradermal sites with 500 μg peptide emulsified with complete Freund's adjuvant. The animals were boosted regularly at 3-6 week intervals with 200 μg of peptide conjugate emulsified in incomplete Freund's adjuvant. The titer of the antisera after a few booster injections was approximately 1:50,000 to 1:100,000 as determined by ELISA using the unconjugated peptide as the antigen.

(7) Enzyme Linked Immunosorbant Assay [ELISA]

Plates were coated with 100 μl/well of a 0.5 μg/μl solution of peptides diluted in phosphate buffered saline [PBS] by incubating them overnight at 4° C. The plates were washed extensively with PBS and incubated with 200 μl of 0.1 % bovine serum albumin [BSA] in PBS for 1 h at room temperature. The plates were then washed with PBS and 100 μl of prebleed or rabbit anti-peptide [peptide of SEQ ID No. 25] antibody (1:100,000) was added to the duplicate wells. After a 1 h incubation at ambient temperature, the plates were washed with PBS and 100 μl of peroxidase-goat-antirabbit IgG diluted in PBS supplemented with 0.1% BSA was added. After incubation for another hour at ambient temperature, the plates were extensively washed with PBS and 100 μl of peroxidase substrate solution was added to each well. The plates were then incubated for 15 minutes at ambient temperature. The peroxidase reaction was measured by the increase in absorbance at 405 nm.

The Library

The library included the peptide having the sequence Met-Leu-Asp-Ser-Ile-Trp-Lys-Pro-Asp-Leu [MLDSIWKPDL; SEQ ID NO. 25], against which an antibody had been generated in rabbits [the peptide used for rabbits had an additional N-terminal Cys residue for linking], and seven other peptides differing at residues L, P, and/or I [SEQ ID NOs. 26-32 and the Scheme set forth in FIG. 10).

The matrix with memory microvessels loaded with TentaGel® beads carrying PAL linkers (20 mg each) were split into two equal groups. Each group was encoded with the radiofrequency code L or A [the one-letter symbols for amino acids leucine and alanine, respectively] and the first coupling was carried out separately using Fmoc-Leu-OH or Fmoc-Ala-OH, respectively and ByBOP, or HATU for the sterically hindered amino acids [STEP 1, FIG. 10]. The microvessels were then pooled, deprotected with 20% piperidine in DMF [Fmoc removal], encoded with the code D and subjected to coupling with Fmoc-Asp(OtBu)-OH and deprotection as above [STEP 2]. The microvessels were then re-split into two equal and fully randomized groups and encoding was performed on each group with the codes P or F and amino acid derivatives Fmoc-Pro-OH or Fmoc-Phe-OH were coupled, respectively [STEP 3]. The microvessels were pooled again and amino acid derivatives Fmoc-Lys (Boc)-OH and Fmoc-Trp(Boc)-OH were coupled sequentially with appropriate encoding and deprotection procedures [STEPS 4 and 5], and then were re-split into two equal groups, encoded appropriately and the amino acid derivatives Fmoc-Ile-OH or Fmoc-Gly-OH were coupled separately [STEP 6]. The matrix with memory microvessels were pooled, the amino groups deprotected and the remaining amino acids [Ser, Asp, Leu and Met] were sequentially introduced with appropriate encoding and deprotections using suitably protected Fmoc derivatives [STEPS 7-10]. The introduction of each amino acid was performed by double couplings at every step. The coupling efficiency for each step was generally over 90% as measured by Fmoc number determination after Fmoc deprotection [UV spectroscopy].

Decoding each matrix with memory allowed identification of identical units. It was observed that a fairly even distribution of matrix with memories over the entire library space was obtained. It should be noted that sorting out the matrices with memories at each split by decoding allows this random process to become an exact, “one compound-one matrix with memory method.

TentaGel® beads from matrices with memories with identical codes were pooled together and the peptides were cleaved from the resin separately with EDT:thioanisole:H₂O:PhOH:TFA (1.5:3:3:4.5:88m, w/w). The work-up and isolation procedures involved filtration, evaporation, dilution with water, thorough extraction with diethyl ether, and lyophilization. The fully deprotected peptides were obtained as white solids, their structures were confirmed by mass spectroscopy, and their purity was determined by HPLC analysis. The peptide sequence in entry 2, [SEQ ID NO. 26] was confirmed by peptide amino acid sequence analysis. Ambient reactor temperature was also measured at specific synthesis steps by the on-board temperature thermistor.

Biological Screening of the Peptide Library

A rabbit polyclonal antibody generated specifically against the peptide SEQ ID NO. 25 was used to detect this specific sequence in the REC™ peptide library by the ELISA method. The ELISA assay correctly identified the library member with the SEQ ID NO. 25 [100% binding]. The sequence of this peptide was also confirmed by the radiofrequency code, mass spectroscopy, and amino acid sequence analysis.

It was also of interest to observe trends in the binding of the antibody to the other members of the library. It was observed that the binding of each peptide was dependent on the type, position, and number of modifications from the parent sequence. Thus, replacement of I with G did not change significantly the antigenicity of the peptide. Substitution of L with A reduced antibody binding by ≈40% and replacement of P with F essentially converted a peptide to a non-recognizable sequence. Replacement of two amino acids resulted in significant loss of binding. Thus the concurrent substitutions [I→G and P→F], [I→G and L→A], and [P→F and L→A] reduced antibody binding by ≈40, 60, and 92%, respectively. Finally, the peptide library member in which 1, P and L were replaced with G, F and A, respectively, was not recognized by the antibody. Collectively, these results suggest that amino acids at the C-terminus of the peptide, especially P play an important role in this particular antibody-peptide recognition.

Since modifications will be apparent to those of skill in this art, it is intended that this invention be limited only by the scope of the appended claims.

SEQUENCE LISTING (1) GENERAL INFORMATION: (iii) NUMBER OF SEQUENCES: 32 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:1: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:1: Leu Ala Gly Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:2: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:2: Leu Glu Gly Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:3: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:3: Ser Ala Gly Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:4: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:4: Ser Glu Gly Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:5: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:5: Leu Ala Val Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:6: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:6: Leu Glu Val Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:7: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:7: Ser Ala Val Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:8: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:8: Ser Glu Val Asp 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:9: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:9: Leu Ala Gly Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:10: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:10: Leu Glu Gly Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:11: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:11: Ser Ala Gly Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:12: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:12: Ser Glu Gly Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:13: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:13: Leu Ala Val Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:14: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:14: Leu Glu Val Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:15: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:15: Ser Ala Val Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:16: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:16: Ser Glu Val Phe 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:17: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:17: Leu Ala Gly Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:18: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:18: Leu Glu Gly Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:19: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:19: Ser Ala Gly Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:20: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:20: Ser Glu Gly Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:21: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:21: Leu Ala Val Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:22: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:22: Leu Glu Val Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:23: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:23: Ser Ala Val Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:24: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 4 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:24: Ser Glu Val Lys 1 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:25: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:25: Met Leu Asp Ser Ile Trp Lys Pro Asp Leu 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:26: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:26: Met Leu Asp Ser Gly Trp Lys Pro Asp Leu 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:27: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:27: Met Leu Asp Ser Ile Trp Lys Pro Asp Ala 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:28: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:28: Met Leu Asp Ser Ile Trp Lys Phe Asp Leu 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:29: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:29: Met Leu Asp Ser Gly Trp Lys Phe Asp Leu 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:30: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:30: Met Leu Asp Ser Gly Trp Lys Pro Asp Ala 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:31: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:31: Met Leu Asp Ser Ile Trp Lys Phe Asp Ala 1 5 10 (2) INFORMATION FOR SEQ ID NO:32: (i) SEQUENCE CHARACTERISTICS: (A) LENGTH: 10 amino acids (B) TYPE: amino acid (C) STRANDEDNESS: single (D) TOPOLOGY: linear (ii) MOLECULE TYPE: peptide (iii) HYPOTHETICAL: NO (iv) ANTI-SENSE: NO (v) FRAGMENT TYPE: internal (vi) ORIGINAL SOURCE: (xi) SEQUENCE DESCRIPTION: SEQ ID NO:32: Met Leu Asp Ser Gly Trp Lys Phe Asp Ala 1 5 10 

What is claimed is:
 1. A combination of a matrix with memory, comprising: (A) a memory device having encoded information stored therein; and (B) a matrix material, wherein: the device is less than about 20 mm³ in size; the matrix material is either comprised of particles of a size such that at least one dimension is no more than about 100 mm or the matrix material is in the form of a container used for chemical syntheses.
 2. The combination of claim 1, wherein the matrix comprises a plurality of particles and the combination further comprises the plurality of particles linked to or proximate to the memory device.
 3. A solid phase matrix support for use in assays in which a ligand reacts with an anti-ligand therefor, comprising: (A) a combination of a matrix with memory, comprising: (i) a memory device having encoded information stored therein; and (ii) a matrix material, wherein: the matrix material is either comprised of particles of a size such that at least one dimension is no more than 100 mm or the matrix material is in the form of a container selected from the group consisting of vials, test tubes, culture dishes, vessels of a volume of about 100 ml or less, and microtiter plates or is in the form of a continuous surface that encases the memory device; and at least a portion of the surface of the matrix is adapted for linking the anti-ligand or ligand; and (B) a molecule selected from a ligand or receptor, wherein the ligand or receptor is linked directly or indirectly to the surface of the matrix adapted for linking.
 4. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the matrix comprises material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, nylon, glass, dextran, chitin, sand, pumice, Teflon®, agarose, polysaccharides, dendrimers, buckyballs, polyacrylamide, silicon and rubber.
 5. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the ligand and anti-ligand comprise an antigen and antibody.
 6. An assay for detecting a ligand or anti-ligand, comprising: (A) providing the solid support of claim 3, wherein the encoded information includes information that identifies the molecule; (B) contacting the solid phase matrix with a sample containing a ligand or anti-ligand that specifically reacts with the linked molecule; (C) adding a label reagent to the sample, wherein the label reagent specifically binds to the ligand or anti-ligand that has bound to the linked molecule, and analyzing the solid phase matrix to detect the presence of the label indicative of binding of the ligand or anti-ligand to the molecule that is bound to the support; and (D) reading the information in each memory device to identify the linked molecule.
 7. The method of claim 6, wherein a plurality of combination of matrices with memories, each with a different bound molecule are contacted with the sample.
 8. The method of claim 6, wherein the identifying information is pre-encoded in the memory device.
 9. The method of claim 6, wherein the encoded information is stored by remotely programming the memory device.
 10. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the memory device is remotely programmable.
 11. The method of claim 6, wherein the label is selected from among a radiolabel, fluorescent label, luminophore label and enzyme label.
 12. The method of claim 6, wherein the matrix comprises material selected from the group consisting of polystyrene, polycarbonate, polypropylene, nylon, glass, dextran, chitin, sand, pumice, Teflon®, agarose, polysaccharides, dendrimers, buckyballs, polyacrylamide, silicon and rubber.
 13. The method of claim 6, wherein the assay is an immunoassay and the ligand is an antigen, and the anti-ligand is an antibody.
 14. The method of claim 6, wherein the molecule that is bound to the support is a receptor, and the sample contains ligands therefor.
 15. The method of claim 6, wherein the molecule that is bound to the support is a ligand, and the sample contains anti-ligands therefor.
 16. The method of claim 7, wherein the bound molecules are receptors.
 17. The method of claim 7, wherein the bound molecules are ligands.
 18. The method of claim 7, that is a multianalyte immunoassay.
 19. The method of claim 7, wherein the identifying information comprises physical or chemical characteristics of the linked molecule.
 20. The method of claim 6, wherein the ligands and anti-ligands each comprise single-stranded nucleic acids.
 21. The support of claim 3, wherein the linked molecules comprise nucleic acids.
 22. The method of claim 6, wherein the linked molecules comprise proteins or peptides.
 23. The support of claim 3, wherein the linked molecules comprise proteins or peptides.
 24. A method for performing multiplexed solid phase assays, comprising: (A) providing a plurality of the supports of claim 3, comprising a plurality of linked molecules; (B) contacting the supports with a sample, containing a ligand or anti-ligand that specifically reacts with the linked molecule; (C) adding label reagents to the sample, wherein the label reagents specifically bind to the ligands or anti-ligands that have bound to the linked molecules, and analyzing the solid phase matrices to detect the presence of the label indicative of binding of the ligand or anti-ligand to the molecules bound to each support; and (D) reading the encoded information in each memory device to identify the linked molecule.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein: the steps of contacting and adding label reagents are performed simultaneously.
 26. The support matrix of claim 3, wherein the memory device includes a data storage unit having memory means for storing a plurality of data points and means for receiving a transmitted electromagnetic signal so that a write signal causes a stored data point corresponding to the data signal to be stored within the memory means.
 27. The method of claim 6, wherein the memory device includes a data storage unit having memory means for storing a plurality of data points and means for receiving a transmitted electromagnetic signal so that a write signal causes a stored data point corresponding to the data signal to be stored within the memory means.
 28. The combination of claim 1, wherein: the memory device further comprises a plurality of memory address locations; and each of the memory address locations is uniquely addressable for storing the encoded information.
 29. The combination of claim 1, wherein the memory device further comprises an antenna for receiving transmitted electromagnetic radiation.
 30. The combination of claim 1, wherein the memory device further comprises a shell that encloses the memory device.
 31. The combination of claim 1, wherein the memory device is encased in the matrix material.
 32. The combination of claim 1, wherein the memory device comprises an optical storage medium for retaining the encoded information in the form of a plurality of optically readable holes or pits formed in the optical storage medium.
 33. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein: the memory device comprises a plurality of memory address locations; and each of the memory address locations is uniquely addressable for storing the encoded information.
 34. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the memory device further comprises an antenna for receiving transmitted electromagnetic radiation.
 35. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the memory device further comprises a shell that encloses the memory device.
 36. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the memory device is encased in the matrix material.
 37. The matrix support of claim 3, wherein the memory device comprises an optical storage medium for retaining the encoded information in the form of a plurality of optically readable holes or pits formed in the optical storage medium.
 38. The method of claim 6, wherein: the memory device comprises a plurality of memory address locations; and each of the memory address locations is uniquely addressable for storing the encoded information.
 39. The method of claim 6, wherein the memory device further comprises an antenna for receiving transmitted electromagnetic radiation.
 40. The method of claim 6, wherein the memory device further comprises a shell that encloses the memory device.
 41. The method of claim 6, wherein the memory device is encased in the matrix material.
 42. The method of claim 6, wherein the memory device comprises an optical storage medium for retaining the encoded information in the form of a plurality of optically readable holes or pits formed in the optical storage medium.
 43. A solid phase for use in assays for biomolecules, comprising: (a) a particle and a transponder, wherein the transponder is located inside said particle or is attached to the surface of said particle, the transponder comprising a radio transmitter-receiver encoded with data, the data is transmitted to a receiver in response to a specific electromagnetic signal; and (b) a member of a biomolecular binding pair attached to the surface of the particle, wherein the biomolecule specifically binds to the biomolecular binding pair member.
 44. The particle of claim 43, wherein the surface of the particle is glass, latex or plastic.
 45. The particle of claim 43, wherein the biomolecular binding pair is an antigen-antibody pair.
 46. A method of detecting a member of a biomolecular binding pair in a sample, comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least one solid phase particle, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, the transponders having a memory element and an index number encoded on the memory elements creating at least one class of transponders, each class having a different index number; (b) the solid particles having a first member of said biomolecular binding pair attached to a surface thereof; (c) contacting the solid phase particles with a sample to cause a second member of the biomolecular binding pair to specifically bind to the first member attached to the solid phase particle; (d) adding a label reagent to the sample, said label reagent specifically binds the second member of the biomolecular binding pair on the solid phase particle, and analyzing the solid phase particles to detect the presence of the label indicative of binding of the second member present in the sample to said first member; and (e) decoding the index number encoded on the transponders using a scanner device to identify the class of the transponders to which the second member of the biomolecular binding pair is bound.
 47. The method of claim 46, wherein the index number is encoded on the transponder memory element by the transponder manufacturer.
 48. The method of claim 46, wherein the index number is encoded on the transponder memory element by the user with a scanner device.
 49. The method of claim 46 wherein the label is a chromophore.
 50. The method of claim 46 wherein the label is a fluorophore.
 51. The method of claim 46, wherein the label is a chemiluminescent agent or a bioluminescent agent.
 52. The method of claim 46, wherein an outer surface of the transponders is glass, plastic or latex.
 53. The method of claim 46 wherein the index number comprises physical or chemical characteristics of the biomolecular binding pair member deposited on the solid phase.
 54. The method of claim 46 wherein the index number comprises identifying characteristics of the sample.
 55. A method of detecting at least two biomolecules in a sample, said biomolecules being a second member of a biomolecular binding pair, comprising the steps of: (a) introducing into the sample at least two populations of solid phase particles, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, each population of particle having a first member of a biomolecular binding pair attached to its surface, and the transponders in the first population being encoded with a different index number from the transponders of the second population, wherein, the first member on each population of particles specifically binds one of said second members present in said sample; (b) contacting the solid phase with a label reagent that specifically binds to the second member of the biomolecular binding pair, and analyzing the particles to detect a label indicating binding of the second biomolecular binding pair member to the first biomolecular binding pair member; and (c) decoding at least a portion of the transponders to determine the populations of the transponders to which the second member is bound.
 56. A method of performing a multiplex solid phase assay for biomolecules in a sample, said biomolecules being a second member of a biomolecular binding pair comprising the steps of: (a) providing multiple solid phases comprising particles, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, the transponders having memory elements encoded with an index number creating two or more classes of transponders, each class having a different index number, each class of solid phase particles having a first biomolecular binding member immobilized on a surface thereof, wherein, the first member on each class of particles specifically binds one of said second members present ill said sample: (b) contacting the solid phase particles with a sample to cause two or more different second members of a biomolecular binding pair in the sample to bind one of said first biomolecular binding pair member on the particles; (c) contacting the solid phase particles with label reagents that specifically bind to the second member of the biomolecular binding pair; (d) washing the solid phase particles to remove unbound sample components; (e) analyzing the solid phase particles to detect the label, which indicates binding of the second biomolecular binding pair member to the first biomolecular binding pair member; and (f) decoding the index number encoded on at least a portion of the transponders to identify the class of transponders to which a biomolecule is bound.
 57. A method of detecting a member of a biomolecular binding pair in a sample comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least one solid phase particle, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, the transponders having memory elements and an index number encoded on the memory elements creating at least one class of transponders, each class having a different index number; (b) the solid particles having a first member of said biomolecular binding pair attached to the surface of the solid phase particles; (c) contacting the solid phase particles with a sample and a label reagent to cause a second member of the biomolecular binding pair present in said sample, and the label reagent to competitively bind to the first member attached to the solid phase particle; (d) analyzing and detecting the presence of the label on the solid phase particle as an indirect determination of the presence of the second member in said sample; (e) decoding the index number encoded on the transponders using a scanner device to identify the class of transponders to which the second member of the biomolecular binding pair is bound.
 58. A method of detecting at least two biomolecules in a sample, said biomolecules being a second member of a biomolecular binding pair, comprising the steps of: (a) providing at least two populations of solid phases comprising particles, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, each population of particle having a first member of a biomolecular binding pair attached to its surface, and the transponders in the first population being encoded with a different index number than the transponders of the second population, wherein, the second members present in said sample competitively binds one of said first member on each population of the solid phase particles; (b) contacting the solid phase particles with a sample and label reagents to cause the second members present in said sample, and the label reagents to competitively bind to one of said first member on the solid phase particles; (c) analyzing the particles to detect a label to indirectly determine the presence of the second biomolecular binding pair member in the sample; (d) decoding at least a portion of the transponders to determine the populations of the transponders.
 59. A method of performing a multiplex solid phase assay for biomolecules in a sample, said biomolecules being a second member of a biomolecular binding pair, comprising the steps of: (a) providing multiple solid phases comprising particles, said particles having a transponder located inside or attached to each of said particles, the transponders having memory elements encoded with an index number creating two or more classes of transponders, each class having a different index number, each class of solid phase particles having a first biomolecular binding member immobilized on a surface thereof, wherein, the second members present in said sample competitively bind to one of said first member on the multiple solid phase particles; (b) contacting the solid phase particle with a sample and label reagents to cause the second members and the label reagents to competitively bind to one of said first member on the multiple solid phase particles; (c) washing the solid phase to remove unbound sample components; (d) analyzing the solid phase to detect the label, which indirectly indicates binding of the second biomolecular binding pair member to the first biomolecular binding pair member; and (e) decoding the index number encoded on at least a portion of the transponders to identify the class of transponders to which a biomolecule is bound. 